moqtap_codec/draft19/

data_stream.rs

//! Draft-19 data stream header encoding and decoding.
//!
//! Byte-for-byte identical to draft-18; only Object Property scope and the
//! object-status payload rule changed semantically, not the wire layout.
//!
//! The payload rule is worth spelling out, because it is the one place where a
//! draft-19 encoder can refuse an object a draft-18 encoder would have
//! reinterpreted. Draft-18 said every Object with a status other than Normal
//! has an empty payload; draft-19 Section 11.2.1.1 says instead that an Object
//! has an empty payload unless its status is registered as permitting one, and
//! Section 15.9 puts that permission in the Object Status registry. Both
//! encodings here keep their draft-18 framing — a subgroup object carries a
//! status exactly when its Object Payload Length is zero, and a datagram
//! carries one exactly when its type sets the STATUS bit, both stated that way
//! by the draft — so no frame these decoders can read is able to state a
//! status and a payload at once. The registry rule therefore bites where a
//! caller can hold both: `SubgroupObjectReader::write_object` consults the
//! status's payload permission and refuses an object whose status forbids the
//! payload handed with it, rather than dropping the status and writing the
//! bytes as a Normal object. On the way back out, `SubgroupObject` and
//! `DatagramHeader` answer the same question from the registry, so a reader
//! never has to recover it from a length.
//!
//! Subgroup header type byte: form 0b0XX1XXXX, so bit 4 is set and bit 7 is
//! clear; the ranges are 0x10..0x1F, 0x30..0x3F, 0x50..0x5F, 0x70..0x7F.
//!   - bit 0 (0x01): PROPERTIES
//!   - bits 1-2 (0x06): SUBGROUP_ID_MODE (0=zero, 1=first_obj, 2=explicit, 3=reserved)
//!   - bit 3 (0x08): END_OF_GROUP
//!   - bit 5 (0x20): DEFAULT_PRIORITY (no priority byte)
//!   - bit 6 (0x40): FIRST_OBJECT
//!
//! Datagram type byte: 0b00X0XXXX, so bits 4, 6 and 7 are clear; the ranges
//! are 0x00..0x0F and 0x20..0x2F.
//!   - bit 0 (0x01): PROPERTIES
//!   - bit 1 (0x02): END_OF_GROUP
//!   - bit 2 (0x04): ZERO_OBJECT_ID (object_id=0, field omitted)
//!   - bit 3 (0x08): DEFAULT_PRIORITY (no priority byte)
//!   - bit 5 (0x20): STATUS (status byte replaces payload)
//!
//! Neither range is fully assigned, and draft-19 spells out which values in
//! them an endpoint must refuse rather than decode, closing the session with a
//! PROTOCOL_VIOLATION. Section 11.4.2 excludes the subgroup Types whose
//! SUBGROUP_ID_MODE is the reserved 0b11 — 0x16, 0x17, 0x1E, 0x1F and the same
//! four offsets in each higher range — because that mode does not say whether
//! a Subgroup ID field follows the Group ID, so a decoder would have to guess
//! and a wrong guess shifts every later field by the width of that varint.
//! Section 11.3.1 excludes the datagram Types setting both STATUS (0x20) and
//! END_OF_GROUP (0x02) — 0x22, 0x23, 0x26, 0x27, 0x2A, 0x2B, 0x2E and 0x2F —
//! because an object status message cannot signal end of group.
//! [`SubgroupHeader::decode`] and [`DatagramHeader::decode`] refuse both
//! lists, and [`SubgroupHeader::encode_checked`] and
//! [`DatagramHeader::encode_checked`] refuse to write them.
//!
//! Fetch header: stream type 0x05 + request_id. Draft-19 Section 11.4.4
//! replaced the fixed per-object layout earlier drafts used with a leading
//! Serialization Flags varint that says which of the object's fields are on
//! the wire at all; [`FetchObjectHeader`] decodes and encodes one such object
//! header.

use bytes::{Buf, BufMut};

use super::types::{ObjectStatus, PayloadPermission};
use crate::error::CodecError;
use crate::varint::{Moqt18 as Wire, VarInt};

/// Advance `buf` past `len` bytes without copying them.
fn skip(buf: &mut impl Buf, len: u64) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
    let len = usize::try_from(len).map_err(|_| CodecError::UnexpectedEnd)?;
    if buf.remaining() < len {
        return Err(CodecError::UnexpectedEnd);
    }
    buf.advance(len);
    Ok(())
}

/// Turn a wire Object Status code into an [`ObjectStatus`], refusing one
/// draft-19 does not assign.
///
/// Draft-19 Section 11.2.1.1 lists the codes an object may carry — the three
/// rows of the Object Status registry it establishes in Section 15.9 — and
/// says any other value SHOULD be treated as a protocol error and the session
/// closed with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION. Every place this module reads a status
/// converts it here, so a decoded [`SubgroupObject::object_status`] or
/// [`DatagramHeader::object_status`] is always a status the draft assigns, and
/// [`SubgroupObjectMeta::status`] — which stays a raw code because a relay may
/// carry it to a draft that numbers the set differently — holds one because it
/// comes from the same conversion.
fn decoded_status(code: u64) -> Result<ObjectStatus, CodecError> {
    ObjectStatus::from_u64(code).ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)
}

// ── Stream and datagram types ─────────────────────────────────

/// Unidirectional stream type for padding, draft-19 Section 11.5.1: "An
/// endpoint MAY open a unidirectional stream with a stream type of 0x132B3E28
/// to send padding data. The stream begins with the stream type, followed by
/// zero or more bytes that MUST all be set to zero."
///
/// Named here because the value is what tells a padding stream from a data
/// stream, and nothing else in this module would otherwise say so. Under the
/// draft-19 variable-length integer encoding the value takes five bytes, the
/// first of which is 0xF0 — an octet with bit 7 set, which the subgroup form
/// leaves clear. A reader judging the Type by that first byte alone would find
/// the form broken and call the stream unknown, which Section 3.4 answers by
/// ending the session. Table 3 assigns the value, so that would be a close over
/// traffic this draft permits.
pub const PADDING_STREAM_TYPE: u64 = 0x132B_3E28;

/// Datagram type for padding, draft-19 Section 11.5.2: "An endpoint MAY send a
/// datagram with a type of 0x132B3E29 to send padding data. The datagram
/// contains the type followed by zero or more bytes that MUST all be set to
/// zero."
///
/// One more than [`PADDING_STREAM_TYPE`] and encoded the same width, and
/// assigned the same way, so the same reasoning applies to a datagram reader.
pub const PADDING_DATAGRAM_TYPE: u64 = 0x132B_3E29;

/// The unidirectional stream Type draft-19 Section 10.3 gives the control
/// stream.
const SETUP_STREAM_TYPE: u64 = 0x2F00;

/// Refuse a Type field spelled in more than one byte, before anything narrows
/// it to a byte.
///
/// Returns `Ok(None)` when the next Type is a single byte and the caller should
/// read it itself, `Ok(Some(err))` when it is wider and `refusal` has named the
/// failure, and `Err` only when the buffer does not hold the whole field yet.
///
/// Every Type the subgroup and datagram forms admit is below 0x80 and so
/// occupies one byte under the MoQT variable-length integer encoding. A wider
/// spelling is one of three things, and none of them may be read as a header:
/// an assigned Type that is not a data stream — SETUP or a padding stream — a
/// Type no table assigns, or a non-minimal spelling of a Type that is valid.
/// The last is the dangerous one: narrowing a two-byte 0x8001 to its low octet
/// turns it into an assigned Type, so a peer could name any Type it liked and
/// have it parsed as another.
///
/// The full varint is decoded before `refusal` sees it, which is what lets the
/// first case be told from the second. Only the second ends the session.
fn wide_type_refusal(
    buf: &mut impl Buf,
    refusal: fn(u64) -> CodecError,
) -> Result<Option<CodecError>, CodecError> {
    if !buf.has_remaining() {
        return Err(CodecError::UnexpectedEnd);
    }
    // Under the MoQT encoding the field's length is the number of leading 1
    // bits in its first byte plus one, so a first byte below 0x80 is the whole
    // of it.
    if buf.chunk()[0] < 0x80 {
        return Ok(None);
    }
    let raw = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?.into_inner();
    Ok(Some(refusal(raw)))
}

// ── Subgroup ──────────────────────────────────────────────────

const SUBGROUP_PROPERTIES_BIT: u8 = 0x01;
const SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_MASK: u8 = 0x06;
const SUBGROUP_END_OF_GROUP_BIT: u8 = 0x08;
const SUBGROUP_BASE_BIT: u8 = 0x10;
const SUBGROUP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY_BIT: u8 = 0x20;
const SUBGROUP_FIRST_OBJECT_BIT: u8 = 0x40;
/// Bit 7, which the subgroup header's 0b0XX1XXXX form leaves clear.
const SUBGROUP_FORM_FORBIDDEN_BITS: u8 = 0x80;
/// The SUBGROUP_ID_MODE value draft-19 reserves, once the mask is applied and
/// the field shifted down.
const SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_RESERVED: u8 = 0b11;

/// Refuse a subgroup header Type value draft-19 Section 11.4.2 lists as
/// invalid.
///
/// The section gives two lists and says of both that an endpoint receiving a
/// stream header with such a Type MUST close the session with a
/// PROTOCOL_VIOLATION:
///
///   - Values outside the form 0b0XX1XXXX — bit 4 clear, or bit 7 set. The
///     valid ranges it spells out are 0x10..0x1F, 0x30..0x3F, 0x50..0x5F and
///     0x70..0x7F.
///   - Values whose SUBGROUP_ID_MODE (bits 1-2) is 0b11, which is reserved for
///     future use: 0x16, 0x17, 0x1E, 0x1F, 0x36, 0x37, 0x3E, 0x3F, 0x56,
///     0x57, 0x5E, 0x5F, 0x76, 0x77, 0x7E and 0x7F.
///
/// The reserved mode is worth separating from a mere unassigned code point,
/// because it is not decodable rather than merely unknown. The other three
/// modes each say whether a Subgroup ID field follows the Group ID; 0b11 says
/// nothing, so a decoder has to guess, and a wrong guess shifts every
/// subsequent field by the width of that varint. Reading such a header as
/// though no field were present — which is what this module did before — turns
/// a header the draft says to reject into objects with plausible, wrong
/// contents.
///
/// Every value in the valid ranges is below 0x80 and so occupies exactly one
/// byte in the MoQT varint encoding, which is why [`SubgroupHeader::decode`]
/// can read the Type with a single [`Buf::get_u8`] and check it here. A first
/// byte with bit 7 set begins a longer varint; this refuses it, which is the
/// right answer for every value that varint could hold except a non-minimal
/// spelling of a valid Type.
fn validate_subgroup_type(raw: u64) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
    if subgroup_type_is_valid(raw) {
        Ok(())
    } else {
        Err(stream_type_error(raw))
    }
}

/// Whether `raw` is a subgroup Type draft-19 admits: inside the form, and not
/// the reserved SUBGROUP_ID_MODE.
fn subgroup_type_is_valid(raw: u64) -> bool {
    raw <= 0xFF && {
        let t = raw as u8;
        t & SUBGROUP_FORM_FORBIDDEN_BITS == 0
            && t & SUBGROUP_BASE_BIT != 0
            && (t & SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_MASK) >> 1 != SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_RESERVED
    }
}

/// Whether `raw` sits inside the subgroup form but names the reserved
/// SUBGROUP_ID_MODE — the second of Section 11.4.2's two lists.
fn subgroup_type_is_reserved_mode(raw: u64) -> bool {
    raw <= 0xFF && {
        let t = raw as u8;
        t & SUBGROUP_FORM_FORBIDDEN_BITS == 0
            && t & SUBGROUP_BASE_BIT != 0
            && (t & SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_MASK) >> 1 == SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_RESERVED
    }
}

/// Which failure a leading unidirectional stream Type that is not the one a
/// reader wants is.
///
/// Draft-19 states two rules about such a Type and answers both with a close,
/// and telling them apart is the whole job of this function.
///
/// Section 3.4 is about the table: "An endpoint that receives an unknown stream
/// type MUST close the session." A Type Table 3 does not assign is
/// [`CodecError::UnknownStreamType`].
///
/// Section 11.4.2 is about the subgroup form specifically, and the sixteen
/// Types inside it that name the reserved SUBGROUP_ID_MODE. Those are not
/// unknown — the form is assigned and the draft lists the values outright — but
/// they are unreadable, and they are [`CodecError::InvalidTypeValue`].
///
/// Table 3 assigns four things, and two of them carry no Objects at all:
/// FETCH_HEADER, the subgroup form, SETUP and PADDING. A subgroup reader handed
/// any of them refuses it as [`CodecError::InvalidField`] — the value is one
/// this draft defines, the disagreement is with the reader that was called, and
/// the session survives it. See [`PADDING_STREAM_TYPE`] for why that case in
/// particular is worth the trouble.
fn stream_type_error(raw: u64) -> CodecError {
    if raw == FETCH_STREAM_TYPE
        || raw == SETUP_STREAM_TYPE
        || raw == PADDING_STREAM_TYPE
        || subgroup_type_is_valid(raw)
    {
        CodecError::InvalidField
    } else if subgroup_type_is_reserved_mode(raw) {
        CodecError::InvalidTypeValue {
            raw,
            detail: "its SUBGROUP_ID_MODE is 0b11, which this draft reserves",
        }
    } else {
        CodecError::UnknownStreamType(raw)
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SubgroupHeader {
    pub header_type: u8,
    pub track_alias: VarInt,
    pub group_id: VarInt,
    pub subgroup_id: VarInt,
    pub publisher_priority: Option<u8>,
}

impl SubgroupHeader {
    /// Decode a subgroup header, Type field included.
    ///
    /// A Type spelled in more than one byte is refused first, by
    /// `wide_type_refusal`, which decodes it in full so `stream_type_error`
    /// can tell a padding or SETUP stream — both assigned, both several bytes
    /// wide — from a Type Table 3 does not assign. Only the last of those ends
    /// the session.
    pub fn decode(buf: &mut impl Buf) -> Result<Self, CodecError> {
        if let Some(err) = wide_type_refusal(buf, stream_type_error)? {
            return Err(err);
        }
        let raw = buf.get_u8() as u64;
        validate_subgroup_type(raw)?;
        let header_type = raw as u8;

        let track_alias = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?;
        let group_id = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?;

        let subgroup_id_mode = (header_type & SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_MASK) >> 1;
        let subgroup_id = match subgroup_id_mode {
            0 => VarInt::from_u64_moqt(0),
            2 => VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?,
            // Mode 1 puts no Subgroup ID on the wire either: it is the first
            // object's ID, which this header cannot see. Store 0 until a
            // caller resolves it. Mode 3 never reaches here — the type check
            // above refuses it.
            _ => VarInt::from_u64_moqt(0),
        };

        let publisher_priority = if header_type & SUBGROUP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY_BIT == 0 {
            if buf.remaining() < 1 {
                return Err(CodecError::UnexpectedEnd);
            }
            Some(buf.get_u8())
        } else {
            None
        };

        Ok(SubgroupHeader { header_type, track_alias, group_id, subgroup_id, publisher_priority })
    }

    /// Serialize the header exactly as its Type byte describes it.
    ///
    /// Infallible, and so willing to write a Type draft-19 Section 11.4.2
    /// tells an endpoint to reject — including a reserved-mode Type this
    /// module's own [`Self::decode`] refuses to read back. Prefer
    /// [`Self::encode_checked`], which refuses those Types instead.
    pub fn encode(&self, buf: &mut impl BufMut) {
        buf.put_u8(self.header_type);
        self.track_alias.encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
        self.group_id.encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);

        let subgroup_id_mode = (self.header_type & SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_MASK) >> 1;
        if subgroup_id_mode == 2 {
            self.subgroup_id.encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
        }

        if self.header_type & SUBGROUP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY_BIT == 0 {
            buf.put_u8(self.publisher_priority.unwrap_or(128));
        }
    }

    /// Serialize the header, refusing a Type value draft-19 forbids.
    ///
    /// Errors with [`CodecError::InvalidField`] for exactly the Types draft-19
    /// Section 11.4.2 lists as invalid (the same set [`Self::decode`] refuses),
    /// before any byte is written, so a refused header leaves `buf` untouched.
    /// Everything else is written by [`Self::encode`].
    ///
    /// The check belongs on the encode side as well as the decode side because
    /// the two halves would otherwise disagree about which streams exist: a
    /// reserved-mode header written by [`Self::encode`] cannot be read back by
    /// [`Self::decode`], and a codec used to rewrite captured traffic would
    /// emit a stream it could not then parse.
    pub fn encode_checked(&self, buf: &mut impl BufMut) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
        validate_subgroup_type(self.header_type as u64)?;
        self.encode(buf);
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn has_properties(&self) -> bool {
        self.header_type & SUBGROUP_PROPERTIES_BIT != 0
    }

    /// The subgroup-ID mode: `(header_type & 0x06) >> 1`.
    ///
    /// `0` = no subgroup ID on the wire and it is zero; `1` = the subgroup ID
    /// is the first object's ID; `2` = an explicit ID follows the Group ID;
    /// `3` = reserved. Exposed because the mask is module-private and
    /// `dispatch::AnySubgroupHeader::subgroup_id_mode` cannot read it.
    ///
    /// `3` never comes back from [`Self::decode`], which refuses the Types
    /// carrying it. `header_type` is a public field, so a hand-built header
    /// can still report it; [`Self::encode_checked`] is what refuses to put
    /// one on the wire.
    pub fn subgroup_id_mode(&self) -> u8 {
        (self.header_type & SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_MASK) >> 1
    }

    pub fn is_end_of_group(&self) -> bool {
        self.header_type & SUBGROUP_END_OF_GROUP_BIT != 0
    }

    /// `true` when the FIRST_OBJECT bit (0x40) is set, signaling the first
    /// object on this stream is the original publisher's first object in the
    /// subgroup. Added in draft-18.
    pub fn is_first_object(&self) -> bool {
        self.header_type & SUBGROUP_FIRST_OBJECT_BIT != 0
    }
}

// ── Subgroup objects (stateful) ───────────────────────────────

/// One object within a draft-19 subgroup stream. Object IDs are
/// delta-encoded; whether a per-object "properties" block (the draft-19
/// equivalent of extension headers) is present depends on the PROPERTIES
/// bit on the enclosing [`SubgroupHeader`]. Use [`SubgroupObjectReader`]
/// to encode/decode.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SubgroupObject {
    pub object_id: VarInt,
    /// Raw properties bytes, excluding the byte-length prefix that precedes
    /// them on the wire. Empty unless the subgroup header sets the
    /// PROPERTIES bit, or when the block is present but zero-length.
    /// Opaque: [`SubgroupObjectReader::write_object`] re-emits the prefix
    /// and these bytes verbatim.
    pub extension_headers: Vec<u8>,
    pub payload_length: VarInt,
    /// The object's status, carried on the wire only when `payload_length` is
    /// zero. `None` with a zero `payload_length` is written as
    /// [`ObjectStatus::Normal`].
    ///
    /// `None` is not "no status": every Object has one. It means the status is
    /// the one the encoding elides — [`ObjectStatus::Normal`], the only row of
    /// the Object Status registry (draft-19 Section 15.9) that permits the
    /// payload such an object carries. Decoding a payload-bearing object leaves
    /// this `None` for that reason; [`Self::status`] resolves it either way.
    ///
    /// Typed rather than a raw code. The wire field is a varint with room for
    /// any value, and draft-19 assigns three of them; the decoder refuses the
    /// rest, and this type is that same refusal on the encode side — 0x1 and
    /// 0x2 cannot be named here, so [`SubgroupObjectReader::write_object`]
    /// cannot emit a status this module's own decoder would reject.
    ///
    /// A status and a payload can be held here together, which the wire has no
    /// way to express. That combination is what draft-19's registry rules on:
    /// [`SubgroupObjectReader::write_object`] accepts it when the status is
    /// registered as permitting a payload and refuses it otherwise.
    pub object_status: Option<ObjectStatus>,
    pub payload: Vec<u8>,
}

impl SubgroupObject {
    /// The object's status, with the one draft-19's encoding elides filled in.
    ///
    /// A subgroup object states its status only when its Object Payload Length
    /// is zero. An object that carries bytes therefore has no status field, and
    /// its status is [`ObjectStatus::Normal`] — the sole row of the Object
    /// Status registry (draft-19 Section 15.9) permitting a payload, so the
    /// only status such an object could have had.
    pub fn status(&self) -> ObjectStatus {
        self.object_status.unwrap_or(ObjectStatus::Normal)
    }

    /// Whether the Object Status registry permits this object a non-empty
    /// payload, per draft-19 Section 15.9.
    ///
    /// Answered from the status alone. `payload` and `payload_length` are not
    /// consulted: on a status that permits a payload they say only whether this
    /// particular object took the offer, and on one that forbids a payload a
    /// non-empty payload is the malformation this reports, not evidence about
    /// the rule.
    pub fn permits_payload(&self) -> bool {
        self.status().permits_payload()
    }

    /// Whether this object's status is allowed to carry the properties it has.
    ///
    /// Draft-19 Section 11.2.1.2: "Any Object with status Normal can have
    /// properties (Section 2.5). If an endpoint receives properties on an
    /// Object with status that is not Normal, it MUST close the session with a
    /// PROTOCOL_VIOLATION."
    ///
    /// So this is `false` for exactly one shape: a non-empty properties block
    /// on an object whose status is not [`ObjectStatus::Normal`]. An object
    /// with no properties is fine at any status, and an object at Normal may
    /// carry any properties.
    ///
    /// Neither [`SubgroupObjectReader::read_object`] nor
    /// [`SubgroupObjectReader::write_object`] applies this itself, which is a
    /// deliberate contrast with the payload rule beside it. A status next to a
    /// payload has no encoding — the two share a position on the wire — so the
    /// writer refuses it as unrepresentable. Properties next to a status encode
    /// fine; the frame is well formed and merely non-conforming, and a codec
    /// that could not read or write it could not reproduce a capture containing
    /// one. The rule addresses an endpoint receiving such an Object, so the
    /// endpoint is where it is enforced, and this is what it asks.
    pub fn properties_permitted(&self) -> bool {
        self.extension_headers.is_empty() || self.status() == ObjectStatus::Normal
    }
}

/// The framing of one draft-19 subgroup object, without its payload.
///
/// Produced by [`SubgroupObjectReader::read_object_meta`] for callers that
/// forward an object's bytes verbatim and never inspect the payload.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct SubgroupObjectMeta {
    /// Resolved absolute Object ID.
    pub object_id: u64,
    /// Byte length of the properties block's contents, excluding its length
    /// prefix.
    pub extension_headers_len: u64,
    /// Declared payload length. Zero when `status` is `Some`.
    pub payload_length: u64,
    /// Object status wire code, present only when the payload is empty.
    pub status: Option<u64>,
    /// Total bytes this object occupies on the wire, prefix fields included.
    pub wire_len: u64,
}

impl SubgroupObjectMeta {
    /// What the Object Status registry says about this object's payload, or
    /// `None` if the registry has no row for its status.
    ///
    /// Draft-19 Section 15.9, Table 16 gives the registry a "Payload" column,
    /// and Section 11.2.1.1 makes it the rule: an Object has an empty payload
    /// unless its status is registered as permitting one. Table 16 fills the
    /// column in for the three statuses draft-19 assigns — 0x0 Normal is
    /// "Yes", 0x3 End of Group and 0x4 End of Track are "No" — and requires
    /// every future registration to fill it in too.
    ///
    /// `status` is `None` for an object whose payload length is non-zero,
    /// because the encoding puts a status field only where the payload does
    /// not go. Such an object's status is Normal, the one row permitting the
    /// payload it is carrying, so this answers
    /// [`PayloadPermission::Permitted`] rather than `None`.
    ///
    /// The `None` this does return means something else entirely: a status
    /// code with no row in the registry, for which the draft supplies no
    /// answer and this must not invent one. [`SubgroupObjectReader`] never
    /// produces such a meta — it refuses an unassigned code while decoding —
    /// but every field here is public, so a caller that assembled a meta by
    /// hand, or carried a status across from a draft numbering the set
    /// differently, can hold one.
    ///
    /// Answered from the status alone. `payload_length` is not consulted: on a
    /// status that permits a payload it says only whether this particular
    /// object took the offer, and on one that forbids a payload a non-zero
    /// length is the malformation a caller uses this to detect, not evidence
    /// about the rule.
    pub fn payload_permission(&self) -> Option<PayloadPermission> {
        match self.status {
            None => Some(ObjectStatus::Normal.payload_permission()),
            Some(code) => ObjectStatus::from_u64(code).map(ObjectStatus::payload_permission),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SubgroupObjectReader {
    extensions_present: bool,
    prev_object_id: Option<u64>,
}

impl SubgroupObjectReader {
    pub fn new(header: &SubgroupHeader) -> Self {
        Self { extensions_present: header.has_properties(), prev_object_id: None }
    }

    pub fn read_object(&mut self, buf: &mut impl Buf) -> Result<SubgroupObject, CodecError> {
        let delta = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?.into_inner();
        let object_id_val = match self.prev_object_id {
            None => delta,
            Some(prev) => prev
                .checked_add(1)
                .and_then(|v| v.checked_add(delta))
                .ok_or(CodecError::ObjectIdOverflow(prev, delta))?,
        };
        self.prev_object_id = Some(object_id_val);
        let object_id = VarInt::from_u64(object_id_val).map_err(|_| CodecError::InvalidField)?;

        // The properties block is a byte-length-prefixed opaque blob. We
        // copy the blob verbatim; callers that want structured properties
        // can parse the returned bytes.
        let extension_headers = if self.extensions_present {
            let ext_len = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?.into_inner() as usize;
            crate::types::read_bytes(buf, ext_len)?
        } else {
            Vec::new()
        };

        let payload_length_vi = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?;
        let payload_length_val = payload_length_vi.into_inner() as usize;
        let (object_status, payload) = if payload_length_val == 0 {
            let status = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?;
            (Some(decoded_status(status.into_inner())?), Vec::new())
        } else {
            let payload = crate::types::read_bytes(buf, payload_length_val)?;
            (None, payload)
        };

        Ok(SubgroupObject {
            object_id,
            extension_headers,
            payload_length: payload_length_vi,
            object_status,
            payload,
        })
    }

    /// Decode the next object's framing without copying its payload.
    ///
    /// Consumes exactly the bytes [`Self::read_object`] consumes and leaves
    /// the same delta state behind, so the two are interchangeable on a
    /// given stream.
    pub fn read_object_meta(
        &mut self,
        buf: &mut impl Buf,
    ) -> Result<SubgroupObjectMeta, CodecError> {
        let start = buf.remaining();
        let delta = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?.into_inner();
        let object_id_val = match self.prev_object_id {
            None => delta,
            Some(prev) => prev
                .checked_add(1)
                .and_then(|v| v.checked_add(delta))
                .ok_or(CodecError::ObjectIdOverflow(prev, delta))?,
        };
        self.prev_object_id = Some(object_id_val);
        let object_id =
            VarInt::from_u64(object_id_val).map_err(|_| CodecError::InvalidField)?.into_inner();

        let extension_headers_len = if self.extensions_present {
            let ext_len = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?.into_inner();
            skip(buf, ext_len)?;
            ext_len
        } else {
            0
        };

        let payload_length = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?.into_inner();
        let status = if payload_length == 0 {
            let code = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?.into_inner();
            Some(decoded_status(code)?.as_u64())
        } else {
            skip(buf, payload_length)?;
            None
        };

        Ok(SubgroupObjectMeta {
            object_id,
            extension_headers_len,
            payload_length,
            status,
            wire_len: (start - buf.remaining()) as u64,
        })
    }

    /// Serialize an object, producing the correct delta encoding.
    ///
    /// A zero `payload_length` writes the object's status, with
    /// [`SubgroupObject::status`] filling in [`ObjectStatus::Normal`] when the
    /// `object_status` field is `None`. The status is typed, so every value
    /// that can reach this method is one draft-19 assigns and one
    /// [`Self::read_object`] accepts; no unassigned code can be written.
    ///
    /// Errors with [`CodecError::InvalidField`] when the Object Status registry
    /// (draft-19 Section 15.9) does not permit the object's status to carry a
    /// payload and a payload was handed over anyway. Draft-19 Section 11.2.1.1
    /// makes that object malformed, and the encoding has no way to state it:
    /// the status field appears only where the payload does not. Writing it
    /// would mean silently discarding one of the two — emitting the bytes as a
    /// Normal object and losing an End of Group marker, say — so it is refused
    /// instead. A status the registry does permit a payload is written as an
    /// ordinary payload object, its status implicit, since that is how the
    /// encoding spells it.
    ///
    /// Errors with [`CodecError::InvalidField`] when `object.object_id` is
    /// not strictly greater than the previously written object's ID, since
    /// no valid delta exists for that case.
    ///
    /// Errors with [`CodecError::InvalidField`] when `payload_length` is not
    /// exactly `payload.len()`. The declared length is written ahead of the
    /// payload, so a mismatch is a frame [`Self::read_object`] cannot parse
    /// and one no caller could fix by appending bytes.
    pub fn write_object(
        &mut self,
        object: &SubgroupObject,
        buf: &mut impl BufMut,
    ) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
        // A declared length that disagrees with the payload framed under it
        // produces bytes no reader can parse and no caller can repair: the
        // length is already on the wire ahead of the payload. Checked before
        // anything is written, so a refused object leaves `buf` untouched
        // rather than half an object the next read would run into.
        //
        // A zero declared length is also what puts a status code where the
        // payload would go, so an object carrying bytes under it is asking for
        // two framings at once.
        let declared = object.payload_length.into_inner();
        if declared != object.payload.len() as u64 {
            return Err(CodecError::InvalidField);
        }

        // The registry decides whether these two fields may be filled in at
        // once, rather than the length deciding on its own which of them gets
        // written. A status marked "Payload: No" is refused a payload; a status
        // marked "Yes" keeps it, and gets no status field on the wire because
        // the encoding elides the status of any object that carries bytes.
        // Checked alongside the length above, before any byte is emitted.
        if declared != 0 && !object.permits_payload() {
            return Err(CodecError::PayloadNotPermitted {
                status: object.status().as_u64(),
                len: object.payload.len(),
                detail: "its status is registered as forbidding one",
            });
        }

        // Properties on a non-Normal status are NOT refused here, though
        // draft-19 Section 11.2.1.2 forbids them. The two rules differ in kind.
        // A status beside a payload has no encoding at all — the status field
        // and the payload occupy the same position — so writing one is
        // impossible rather than merely wrong. Properties beside a status
        // encode perfectly well; the frame is well formed and non-conforming,
        // which is a judgement about what a peer may send, not about what these
        // bytes mean.
        //
        // Refusing it here would also make this writer unable to produce a
        // frame the decoder must be able to read, and the two halves of a codec
        // that disagree about which frames exist cannot be used to reproduce
        // captured traffic. [`SubgroupObject::properties_permitted`] reports
        // the violation instead, and the endpoint acts on it.

        let oid = object.object_id.into_inner();
        let delta = match self.prev_object_id {
            None => oid,
            Some(prev) => oid
                .checked_sub(prev)
                .and_then(|v| v.checked_sub(1))
                .ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?,
        };
        VarInt::from_u64(delta).map_err(|_| CodecError::InvalidField)?.encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
        if self.extensions_present {
            VarInt::from_u64(object.extension_headers.len() as u64)
                .map_err(|_| CodecError::InvalidField)?
                .encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
            buf.put_slice(&object.extension_headers);
        }
        object.payload_length.encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
        if declared == 0 {
            VarInt::from_u64_moqt(object.status().as_u64()).encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
        } else {
            buf.put_slice(&object.payload);
        }
        self.prev_object_id = Some(oid);
        Ok(())
    }
}

// ── Datagram ──────────────────────────────────────────────────

const DATAGRAM_PROPERTIES_BIT: u8 = 0x01;
const DATAGRAM_END_OF_GROUP_BIT: u8 = 0x02;
const DATAGRAM_ZERO_OBJECT_ID_BIT: u8 = 0x04;
const DATAGRAM_DEFAULT_PRIORITY_BIT: u8 = 0x08;
const DATAGRAM_STATUS_BIT: u8 = 0x20;
/// Bits 4, 6 and 7, which the datagram's 0b00X0XXXX form leaves clear.
const DATAGRAM_FORM_FORBIDDEN_BITS: u8 = 0xD0;

/// Refuse a datagram Type value draft-19 Section 11.3.1 lists as invalid.
///
/// The section gives two lists and says of both that an endpoint receiving a
/// datagram with such a Type MUST close the session with a
/// PROTOCOL_VIOLATION:
///
///   - Values with both the STATUS bit (0x20) and the END_OF_GROUP bit (0x02)
///     set: 0x22, 0x23, 0x26, 0x27, 0x2A, 0x2B, 0x2E and 0x2F. Its reason is
///     that "an object status message cannot signal end of group" — the two
///     bits ask for one datagram to be both a status and an end-of-group
///     marker for an object it does not carry.
///   - Values outside the form 0b00X0XXXX, that is anything with bit 4, 6 or
///     7 set. The valid ranges are 0x00..0x0F and 0x20..0x2F; bit 4 is what
///     separates a datagram Type from a subgroup stream header Type.
///
/// As with [`validate_subgroup_type`], every valid value is below 0x80 and so
/// is a one-byte MoQT varint, which is why [`DatagramHeader::decode`] can read
/// the Type with a single [`Buf::get_u8`].
fn validate_datagram_type(raw: u64) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
    if datagram_type_is_valid(raw) {
        Ok(())
    } else {
        Err(datagram_type_error(raw))
    }
}

/// Whether `raw` is a datagram Type draft-19 admits.
fn datagram_type_is_valid(raw: u64) -> bool {
    raw <= 0xFF && {
        let t = raw as u8;
        t & DATAGRAM_FORM_FORBIDDEN_BITS == 0
            && !(t & DATAGRAM_STATUS_BIT != 0 && t & DATAGRAM_END_OF_GROUP_BIT != 0)
    }
}

/// Whether `raw` sits inside the datagram form but sets STATUS and END_OF_GROUP
/// together — the first of Section 11.3.1's two lists.
fn datagram_type_is_status_end_of_group(raw: u64) -> bool {
    raw <= 0xFF && {
        let t = raw as u8;
        t & DATAGRAM_FORM_FORBIDDEN_BITS == 0
            && t & DATAGRAM_STATUS_BIT != 0
            && t & DATAGRAM_END_OF_GROUP_BIT != 0
    }
}

/// Which failure a leading datagram Type that is not one a reader wants is.
///
/// The same two-rule split as `stream_type_error`, read against the datagram
/// table: a Type outside the form is [`CodecError::UnknownDatagramType`], and
/// one inside it setting STATUS and END_OF_GROUP together is
/// [`CodecError::InvalidTypeValue`], which is the combination Section 11.3.1
/// forbids because an object status message cannot signal end of group.
///
/// The padding datagram is why the [`CodecError::InvalidField`] arm exists.
/// [`PADDING_DATAGRAM_TYPE`] is assigned, so a datagram carrying it is not
/// unknown; it simply carries no Object, and refusing it must not end the
/// session.
fn datagram_type_error(raw: u64) -> CodecError {
    if raw == PADDING_DATAGRAM_TYPE || datagram_type_is_valid(raw) {
        CodecError::InvalidField
    } else if datagram_type_is_status_end_of_group(raw) {
        CodecError::InvalidTypeValue {
            raw,
            detail: "it sets both the STATUS bit and the END_OF_GROUP bit",
        }
    } else {
        CodecError::UnknownDatagramType(raw)
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct DatagramHeader {
    pub datagram_type: u8,
    pub track_alias: VarInt,
    pub group_id: VarInt,
    pub object_id: VarInt,
    pub publisher_priority: Option<u8>,
    /// Raw properties bytes, excluding the byte-length prefix that precedes
    /// them on the wire. Present only when `datagram_type` sets the PROPERTIES
    /// bit (0x01), and empty otherwise — the bit is what puts the block on the
    /// wire, so contents held here with the bit clear are not written.
    ///
    /// Opaque: [`Self::encode`] re-emits the prefix and these bytes verbatim,
    /// and [`Self::decode`] copies them out the same way, so a datagram can be
    /// decoded and re-encoded without understanding what its properties mean.
    /// The block sits between the publisher priority and the status field, so
    /// leaving it out of the struct would put the status where the decoder
    /// looks for the properties length.
    pub properties: Vec<u8>,
    /// The object's status, carried on the wire only when `datagram_type` sets
    /// the STATUS bit (0x20): such a datagram holds a one-byte status code in
    /// place of a payload. `None` with the bit set is written as
    /// [`ObjectStatus::Normal`]; a status with the bit clear is not written at
    /// all, because the bit is what puts the field on the wire.
    ///
    /// `None` is not "no status": a datagram whose type leaves the STATUS bit
    /// clear carries a payload, and the status of an Object that carries a
    /// payload is [`ObjectStatus::Normal`], the only row of the Object Status
    /// registry (draft-19 Section 15.9) permitting one. [`Self::status`]
    /// resolves the field either way.
    ///
    /// Typed rather than a bare byte. The wire field is one octet with 256
    /// values, and draft-19 Section 11.2.1.1 assigns three of them; the
    /// decoder refuses the other 253, and this type is that same refusal on
    /// the encode side — [`Self::encode`] is infallible precisely because a
    /// status it could not legally write cannot be built.
    pub object_status: Option<ObjectStatus>,
}

impl DatagramHeader {
    /// Decode a datagram header, Type field included.
    ///
    /// A Type spelled in more than one byte is refused first, for the reason
    /// given on [`SubgroupHeader::decode`].
    pub fn decode(buf: &mut impl Buf) -> Result<Self, CodecError> {
        if let Some(err) = wide_type_refusal(buf, datagram_type_error)? {
            return Err(err);
        }
        let raw = buf.get_u8() as u64;
        validate_datagram_type(raw)?;
        let datagram_type = raw as u8;

        let track_alias = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?;
        let group_id = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?;

        let object_id = if datagram_type & DATAGRAM_ZERO_OBJECT_ID_BIT != 0 {
            VarInt::from_usize(0)
        } else {
            VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?
        };

        let publisher_priority = if datagram_type & DATAGRAM_DEFAULT_PRIORITY_BIT == 0 {
            if buf.remaining() < 1 {
                return Err(CodecError::UnexpectedEnd);
            }
            Some(buf.get_u8())
        } else {
            None
        };

        let properties = if datagram_type & DATAGRAM_PROPERTIES_BIT != 0 {
            let props_len = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?.into_inner() as usize;
            crate::types::read_bytes(buf, props_len)?
        } else {
            Vec::new()
        };

        let object_status = if datagram_type & DATAGRAM_STATUS_BIT != 0 {
            if buf.remaining() < 1 {
                return Err(CodecError::UnexpectedEnd);
            }
            let status = buf.get_u8();
            Some(decoded_status(status as u64)?)
        } else {
            None
        };

        // Two rules of draft-19 Section 11.3.1 reach the properties block just
        // read, and neither is applied here — [`Self::properties_permitted`]
        // and [`Self::properties_block_well_formed`] report them instead, and
        // [`Self::encode_checked`] refuses to write either shape:
        //
        //   - "If an endpoint receives a datagram with the PROPERTIES bit set
        //     and an Properties Length of 0, it MUST close the session with a
        //     PROTOCOL_VIOLATION."
        //   - "If an Object Datagram includes both the STATUS bit and
        //     PROPERTIES bit, and the Object Status is not Normal (0x0), the
        //     endpoint MUST close the session with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION,
        //     because only Normal Objects can have Properties."
        //
        // Both describe a datagram that is well framed and non-conforming: the
        // fields are all where the layout puts them and every one of them
        // parses, so a decoder can read the datagram back exactly as it
        // arrived. Refusing here would leave this module unable to reproduce a
        // capture containing one, and both rules address an endpoint receiving
        // such a datagram, so the endpoint is where they are enforced — the
        // same division [`SubgroupObject::properties_permitted`] explains.
        //
        // The Type rules above are the contrast, and the contrast is what
        // decides it: an invalid Type names no layout at all, so reading on
        // invents the fields behind it rather than reporting them.

        Ok(DatagramHeader {
            datagram_type,
            track_alias,
            group_id,
            object_id,
            publisher_priority,
            properties,
            object_status,
        })
    }

    /// Decode one whole datagram: the header, then the payload that runs to the
    /// end of `buf`.
    ///
    /// `buf` must hold exactly one transport datagram and nothing else, since
    /// that boundary is the only thing that delimits the payload — draft-19
    /// Section 11.3.1: "There is no explicit length field for the Object
    /// Payload; the entirety of the transport datagram following the Object
    /// header contains the payload."
    ///
    /// Which is why the refusal lives here and not in [`Self::decode`]. A
    /// datagram whose type sets the STATUS bit has no payload at all — the same
    /// section: "When set to 1, the Object Status field is present and there is
    /// no Object Payload" — so trailing bytes after its status are not a short
    /// payload or an odd one, they are bytes the frame does not define. A
    /// decoder that stops at the header cannot see them, and a caller that
    /// treats whatever is left as the payload hands the application content the
    /// publisher never framed as content. That is the case this refuses, and it
    /// bites hardest on a status datagram carrying the Normal code 0x0, whose
    /// status alone would report a payload as permitted.
    ///
    /// The same refusal covers a status the registry forbids a payload to, per
    /// Section 11.2.1.1 and the "Payload" column of Section 15.9.
    ///
    /// Errors with [`CodecError::PayloadNotPermitted`] when bytes remain and
    /// the header forbids them, naming which of the two rules refused them.
    ///
    /// # The two Properties rules are enforced here too
    ///
    /// Section 11.3.1 states them of a receiving endpoint, and this is the
    /// endpoint's read:
    ///
    /// * "If an endpoint receives a datagram with the PROPERTIES bit set and an
    ///   Properties Length of 0, it MUST close the session with a
    ///   PROTOCOL_VIOLATION." The bit and a zero length are two ways to spell
    ///   *no properties* and a datagram may use only the first, because a
    ///   datagram with none has a Type that says so and the block costs bytes
    ///   the Type already saved. A subgroup stream says the opposite in
    ///   Section 11.4.2 — there the PROPERTIES bit is fixed for the whole stream,
    ///   so an object with no properties has nowhere else to say so and a
    ///   zero-length block is the required spelling.
    /// * "If an Object Datagram includes both the STATUS bit and PROPERTIES
    ///   bit, and the Object Status is not Normal (0x0), the endpoint MUST close
    ///   the session with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION, because only Normal Objects can
    ///   have Properties."
    ///
    /// Both errors are [`CodecError::InvalidField`].
    ///
    /// [`Self::decode`] does **not** apply them, and the split is deliberate.
    /// Both describe a datagram that is well framed and non-conforming: every
    /// field is where the layout puts it and every one of them parses, so the
    /// header reads back exactly as it arrived and a tool reproducing a capture
    /// can re-emit it. What it may not do is hand such a datagram to an
    /// application as an ordinary Object, which is what this entry point would
    /// be doing. [`Self::properties_block_well_formed`] and
    /// [`Self::properties_permitted`] report the two for a caller that wants
    /// the header without the judgement, and [`Self::encode_checked`] refuses
    /// to write either shape.
    pub fn decode_object(buf: &mut impl Buf) -> Result<(Self, Vec<u8>), CodecError> {
        let header = Self::decode(buf)?;
        if !header.properties_block_well_formed() || !header.properties_permitted() {
            return Err(CodecError::InvalidField);
        }
        let payload = crate::types::read_bytes(buf, buf.remaining())?;
        if !payload.is_empty() && !header.permits_payload() {
            return Err(CodecError::PayloadNotPermitted {
                status: header.status().as_u64(),
                len: payload.len(),
                detail: if header.has_status() {
                    "its type states a status in place of a payload"
                } else {
                    "its status is registered as forbidding one"
                },
            });
        }
        Ok((header, payload))
    }

    /// Serialize the header, refusing a status the framing cannot carry.
    ///
    /// A datagram states a status only when its type byte sets the STATUS bit
    /// (0x20). With the bit clear there is no status field on the wire, so an
    /// `object_status` of anything but [`ObjectStatus::Normal`] has nowhere to
    /// go: [`Self::encode`] drops it, and the datagram parses back as an
    /// ordinary payload object. An End of Group marker written that way does
    /// not arrive late or malformed — it does not arrive at all, and the
    /// receiver sees a normal object in its place.
    ///
    /// [`ObjectStatus::Normal`] with the bit clear is not that case and is
    /// accepted. It is the status the encoding elides for every object that
    /// carries a payload, so stating it asks for exactly the bytes leaving it
    /// out asks for, and nothing is lost.
    ///
    /// Errors with [`CodecError::InvalidField`] on the lossy combination,
    /// before any byte is written, so a refused header leaves `buf` untouched.
    /// This is the datagram half of the rule
    /// [`SubgroupObjectReader::write_object`] applies on a subgroup stream.
    ///
    /// Also errors with [`CodecError::InvalidField`] for a Type value draft-19
    /// Section 11.3.1 lists as invalid, and for the same reason: a datagram
    /// written with one could not be read back by [`Self::decode`], and a
    /// codec whose two halves disagree about which datagrams exist cannot be
    /// used to rewrite captured traffic.
    pub fn encode_checked(&self, buf: &mut impl BufMut) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
        validate_datagram_type(self.datagram_type as u64)?;
        if !self.has_status() && matches!(self.object_status, Some(s) if s != ObjectStatus::Normal)
        {
            return Err(CodecError::InvalidField);
        }
        // The two properties rules of Section 11.3.1. [`Self::decode`] reports
        // both rather than refusing them, because the datagrams they describe
        // are well framed and a codec that could not read one could not
        // reproduce a capture containing it. Writing one is the other
        // direction and has no such excuse: a conforming peer answers either
        // with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION, so emitting one costs the session and not
        // merely the datagram.
        if !self.properties_block_well_formed() || !self.properties_permitted() {
            return Err(CodecError::InvalidField);
        }
        self.encode(buf);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Serialize the header exactly as its type byte describes it.
    ///
    /// Every field the type byte announces is written, in the order
    /// [`Self::decode`] reads them, so the bytes this produces always parse
    /// back. The properties block in particular has to be written here: it
    /// sits ahead of the status field, and a datagram that skipped it would
    /// offer the status byte where the decoder reads the block's length.
    ///
    /// The type byte is taken as the authority on framing, which is what makes
    /// this infallible — and what makes it lossy when the struct disagrees with
    /// itself. An `object_status` set while the type byte leaves the STATUS bit
    /// clear is discarded here without a word, and a Type value draft-19
    /// forbids is written out as readily as one it assigns, including Types
    /// this module's own [`Self::decode`] refuses. Prefer
    /// [`Self::encode_checked`], which refuses both instead of resolving them.
    pub fn encode(&self, buf: &mut impl BufMut) {
        buf.put_u8(self.datagram_type);
        self.track_alias.encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
        self.group_id.encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);

        if self.datagram_type & DATAGRAM_ZERO_OBJECT_ID_BIT == 0 {
            self.object_id.encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
        }

        if self.datagram_type & DATAGRAM_DEFAULT_PRIORITY_BIT == 0 {
            buf.put_u8(self.publisher_priority.unwrap_or(128));
        }

        if self.datagram_type & DATAGRAM_PROPERTIES_BIT != 0 {
            VarInt::from_usize(self.properties.len()).encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
            buf.put_slice(&self.properties);
        }

        if self.datagram_type & DATAGRAM_STATUS_BIT != 0 {
            buf.put_u8(self.object_status.unwrap_or(ObjectStatus::Normal).as_u8());
        }
    }

    pub fn is_end_of_group(&self) -> bool {
        self.datagram_type & DATAGRAM_END_OF_GROUP_BIT != 0
    }

    pub fn has_status(&self) -> bool {
        self.datagram_type & DATAGRAM_STATUS_BIT != 0
    }

    /// `true` when the type byte sets the PROPERTIES bit (0x01), which is what
    /// puts the properties block on the wire.
    ///
    /// Reports the framing, not the contents. A decoded datagram with this set
    /// always has a non-empty [`Self::properties`], because [`Self::decode`]
    /// refuses a zero-length block; a header built by hand can hold the two
    /// apart, and [`Self::encode_checked`] is what refuses that.
    pub fn has_properties(&self) -> bool {
        self.datagram_type & DATAGRAM_PROPERTIES_BIT != 0
    }

    /// The datagram's object status, with the one the encoding elides filled
    /// in.
    ///
    /// A datagram states a status only when its type sets the STATUS bit, and
    /// such a datagram has no payload. One without the bit is all payload, and
    /// its status is [`ObjectStatus::Normal`] — the sole row of the Object
    /// Status registry (draft-19 Section 15.9) permitting a payload, so the
    /// only status it could have had.
    pub fn status(&self) -> ObjectStatus {
        self.object_status.unwrap_or(ObjectStatus::Normal)
    }

    /// Whether the bytes after this datagram's header are allowed to exist.
    ///
    /// Two independent rules forbid them, and this reports both:
    ///
    /// - The framing. Draft-19 Section 11.3.1: "The STATUS bit (0x20)
    ///   indicates whether the datagram contains an Object Status or Object
    ///   Payload. When set to 1, the Object Status field is present and there
    ///   is no Object Payload." A datagram that states a status has no payload
    ///   field at all, whichever status it states — so a STATUS datagram
    ///   carrying the Normal code 0x0 has no more room for bytes than one
    ///   carrying End of Group.
    /// - The status. Section 11.2.1.1 and the Object Status registry's
    ///   "Payload" column, Section 15.9: an Object has an empty payload unless
    ///   its status is registered as permitting one. This half reaches a
    ///   datagram whose type byte leaves the STATUS bit clear while the value
    ///   claims a status that forbids a payload — a disagreement
    ///   [`Self::encode_checked`] refuses to write, and one a decoded header
    ///   never shows.
    ///
    /// The first is the rule a decoded datagram can actually trip, and reading
    /// the registry alone misses it: `Some(ObjectStatus::Normal)` under a type
    /// byte with the STATUS bit set is exactly the case where the payload the
    /// draft says does not exist would otherwise be handed to the application
    /// as the object's content, because Normal is the one status the registry
    /// marks as permitting a payload.
    ///
    /// Distinct from [`Self::has_status`], which reports how the datagram is
    /// framed rather than whether a payload may follow. A caller holding the
    /// bytes after the header wants this one; [`Self::decode_object`] applies
    /// it for a caller who would rather the decode simply fail.
    pub fn permits_payload(&self) -> bool {
        if self.has_status() {
            return false;
        }
        self.status().permits_payload()
    }

    /// Whether this datagram's status is allowed to carry the properties it
    /// has.
    ///
    /// The same rule the subgroup form obeys. Draft-19 Section 11.3.1 builds
    /// the datagram's Properties field out of "the Object Properties structure
    /// defined in Section 11.2.1.2", and that section is where the rule sits:
    /// "If an endpoint receives properties on an Object with status that is not
    /// Normal, it MUST close the session with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION."
    ///
    /// See [`SubgroupObject::properties_permitted`] for why the decoder reports
    /// this instead of refusing it.
    pub fn properties_permitted(&self) -> bool {
        self.properties.is_empty() || self.status() == ObjectStatus::Normal
    }

    /// Whether the properties block is framed the way a datagram may frame it.
    ///
    /// Draft-19 Section 11.3.1: "If an endpoint receives a datagram with the
    /// PROPERTIES bit set and an Properties Length of 0, it MUST close the
    /// session with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION."
    ///
    /// The bit and a zero length are two ways to spell "no properties", and on
    /// a datagram they are not interchangeable: a datagram with none has a type
    /// byte that says so, and the block costs bytes the type byte already
    /// saved. This rule is the datagram's alone. A subgroup stream says the
    /// opposite in Section 11.4.2 — "Objects with no properties set Properties
    /// Length to 0" — because there the PROPERTIES bit is fixed for the whole
    /// stream, so an object with no properties has nowhere else to say so and a
    /// zero-length block is the required spelling rather than a violation.
    ///
    /// The mirror case is not a wire state but is a state this struct can hold:
    /// properties with the bit clear. [`Self::encode`] drops them without a
    /// word, so this reports that too, and [`Self::encode_checked`] refuses
    /// both.
    pub fn properties_block_well_formed(&self) -> bool {
        self.has_properties() != self.properties.is_empty()
    }
}

// ── Fetch Header ──────────────────────────────────────────────

const FETCH_STREAM_TYPE: u64 = 0x05;

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct FetchHeader {
    pub request_id: VarInt,
}

impl FetchHeader {
    pub fn decode(buf: &mut impl Buf) -> Result<Self, CodecError> {
        let stream_type = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?.into_inner();
        if stream_type != FETCH_STREAM_TYPE {
            return Err(stream_type_error(stream_type));
        }
        let request_id = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?;
        Ok(FetchHeader { request_id })
    }

    pub fn encode(&self, buf: &mut impl BufMut) {
        VarInt::from_usize(FETCH_STREAM_TYPE as usize).encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
        self.request_id.encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
    }
}

// ── Fetch objects ─────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Serialization Flags bits 0-1, the Subgroup ID encoding
/// (draft-19 Section 11.4.4.1, Table 8).
const FETCH_SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_MASK: u64 = 0x03;
/// Subgroup ID mode 0b11: an explicit Subgroup ID field is on the wire.
const FETCH_SUBGROUP_ID_EXPLICIT: u64 = 0b11;
/// Table 9 flag: an Object ID Delta field is present.
const FETCH_OBJECT_ID_DELTA_BIT: u64 = 0x04;
/// Table 9 flag: a Group ID Delta field is present.
const FETCH_GROUP_ID_DELTA_BIT: u64 = 0x08;
/// Table 9 flag: a Publisher Priority field is present.
const FETCH_PRIORITY_BIT: u64 = 0x10;
/// Table 9 flag: a Properties field is present.
const FETCH_PROPERTIES_BIT: u64 = 0x20;
/// Table 9 flag: the Object's Forwarding Preference is Datagram, so it has no
/// Subgroup ID and the two low bits are to be ignored.
const FETCH_DATAGRAM_BIT: u64 = 0x40;
/// The largest Serialization Flags value whose bits are flags. Draft-19
/// Section 11.4.4: "When less than 128, the bits represent flags".
const FETCH_FLAGS_MAX: u64 = 0x7F;
/// Table 7: End of Non-Existent Range.
const FETCH_END_OF_NON_EXISTENT_RANGE: u64 = 0x8C;
/// Table 7: End of Unknown Range.
const FETCH_END_OF_UNKNOWN_RANGE: u64 = 0x10C;

/// What an End of Range indicator on a fetch stream asserts about the
/// Locations it covers, from draft-19 Section 11.4.4.2.
///
/// Both kinds say that every Object with a Location between the previous
/// serialized Object and this one, inclusive, was not serialized. They differ
/// in why: the publisher knows the Objects are not there, or it does not know
/// either way. A subscriber can cache the first as a definitive gap and must
/// not cache the second, so the two cannot be collapsed.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum FetchEndOfRange {
    /// Serialization Flags 0x8C. The Objects in the range do not exist.
    NonExistent,
    /// Serialization Flags 0x10C. The Objects in the range have unknown
    /// status.
    Unknown,
}

/// Which optional fields a Serialization Flags value puts on the wire.
///
/// Derived once by [`FetchObjectHeader::layout`] and then used by both
/// [`FetchObjectHeader::decode`] and [`FetchObjectHeader::encode`], so the two
/// cannot drift into disagreeing about a shape.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct FetchObjectLayout {
    group_id_delta: bool,
    subgroup_id: bool,
    object_id_delta: bool,
    publisher_priority: bool,
    properties: bool,
}

/// One Object on a draft-19 fetch stream, up to but not including its payload.
///
/// Draft-19 Section 11.4.4 rebuilt the fetch object. Earlier drafts wrote a
/// fixed set of fields on every Object; draft-19 writes a Serialization Flags
/// varint first, and the flags say which fields follow:
///
/// ```text
/// {
///   Serialization Flags (vi64),
///   [Group ID Delta (vi64),]
///   [Subgroup ID (vi64),]
///   [Object ID Delta (vi64),]
///   [Publisher Priority (8),]
///   [Properties (..),]
///   Object Payload Length (vi64),
///   [Object Payload (..),]
/// }
/// ```
///
/// Every field is optional except the flags and the payload length, and an
/// absent field means *the same as the previous Object's*, not "zero" — the
/// whole point of the layout is that a run of Objects in one group at one
/// priority costs one byte of framing each. This type therefore holds what is
/// on the wire and nothing more: the deltas, not the Group and Object IDs they
/// resolve to. Resolving them needs the previous Object on the same stream and
/// the FETCH's Group Order, neither of which a single Object header knows,
/// and Section 11.4.4 spells out the arithmetic a caller must apply:
///
///   - The first Object MUST carry both deltas, and they are the absolute
///     Group ID and Object ID.
///   - Later on, a Group ID Delta moves the group by `delta + 1` — forwards
///     under Ascending Group Order and backwards under Descending — and
///     restarts the Object ID from the Object ID Delta. With no Group ID
///     Delta, the group is unchanged and the Object ID Delta is added to the
///     previous Object's ID; with no Object ID Delta either, the Object ID is
///     the previous one plus one.
///
/// There is no Object Status field. Draft-19 Section 11.2.1.1 states that
/// Object Status is present only on Objects delivered via a subscription and
/// absent from Objects delivered via a FETCH, which is why this type has no
/// counterpart to [`SubgroupObject::object_status`] and why a zero
/// `payload_length` here is simply an Object with no payload.
///
/// Two Serialization Flags values name an End of Range indicator rather than
/// an Object; [`Self::end_of_range`] reports which, and Section 11.4.4.2 gives
/// the rules such a frame follows.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct FetchObjectHeader {
    /// The raw Serialization Flags value, kept whole rather than split into
    /// booleans because it is also the field that names an End of Range
    /// indicator, and because re-encoding must reproduce the value the
    /// publisher chose.
    pub serialization_flags: VarInt,
    /// Group ID Delta, present when the flags set 0x08. Its meaning depends on
    /// the Object's position in the stream and on the Group Order; see the
    /// type's own documentation.
    pub group_id_delta: Option<VarInt>,
    /// An explicit Subgroup ID, present only when the two low flag bits are
    /// 0b11 and the Datagram bit is clear. The other three modes derive the
    /// Subgroup ID from the previous Object and put nothing on the wire.
    pub subgroup_id: Option<VarInt>,
    /// Object ID Delta, present when the flags set 0x04. Absent means the
    /// previous Object's ID plus one.
    pub object_id_delta: Option<VarInt>,
    /// Publisher Priority, present when the flags set 0x10. Absent means the
    /// previous Object's priority.
    pub publisher_priority: Option<u8>,
    /// Raw properties bytes, excluding the byte-length prefix that precedes
    /// them on the wire, and `None` when the flags leave 0x20 clear.
    ///
    /// `Some(vec![])` and `None` are different frames: the first writes a zero
    /// length prefix, the second writes nothing at all. Opaque, like the
    /// property blocks on the subgroup and datagram forms — draft-19
    /// Section 11.4.4 defines the field as the Object Properties structure of
    /// Section 11.2.1.2, and these bytes are re-emitted verbatim.
    pub properties: Option<Vec<u8>>,
    /// Object Payload Length. Always on the wire; the payload itself follows
    /// this header and is not held here.
    pub payload_length: VarInt,
}

impl FetchObjectHeader {
    /// The Serialization Flags as a plain integer.
    pub fn flags(&self) -> u64 {
        self.serialization_flags.into_inner()
    }

    /// Which End of Range indicator this is, or `None` for an ordinary Object.
    ///
    /// Draft-19 Section 11.4.4, Table 7 gives the two indicators their own
    /// Serialization Flags values rather than a flag bit, so this is an
    /// equality test on the whole field and not a mask.
    ///
    /// An indicator uses the same two positions on the wire an ordinary Object
    /// uses for its deltas, but Section 11.4.4.2 reads them as the absolute
    /// Group ID and Object ID of the end of the range. They are still reached
    /// through [`Self::group_id_delta`] and [`Self::object_id_delta`], since
    /// those are the fields the wire has; what changes is what they mean, and
    /// this is how a caller knows which reading applies.
    pub fn end_of_range(&self) -> Option<FetchEndOfRange> {
        match self.flags() {
            FETCH_END_OF_NON_EXISTENT_RANGE => Some(FetchEndOfRange::NonExistent),
            FETCH_END_OF_UNKNOWN_RANGE => Some(FetchEndOfRange::Unknown),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// The two-bit Subgroup ID mode, `flags & 0x03`.
    ///
    /// `0b00` = the Subgroup ID is zero; `0b01` = the previous Object's
    /// Subgroup ID; `0b10` = the previous Object's Subgroup ID plus one;
    /// `0b11` = an explicit field is present. Draft-19 Section 11.4.4.1
    /// assigns all four, unlike the subgroup stream header's reserved
    /// `0b11`.
    ///
    /// Meaningless when [`Self::is_datagram`] is true: such an Object has no
    /// Subgroup ID and the section says the subscriber MUST ignore these bits.
    pub fn subgroup_id_mode(&self) -> u8 {
        (self.flags() & FETCH_SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_MASK) as u8
    }

    /// `true` when the flags set 0x40, marking an Object whose Forwarding
    /// Preference is Datagram. Such an Object has no Subgroup ID at all, so
    /// the Subgroup ID mode bits carry no meaning and no Subgroup ID field is
    /// on the wire whatever they say.
    pub fn is_datagram(&self) -> bool {
        self.flags() & FETCH_DATAGRAM_BIT != 0
    }

    /// Which optional fields `flags` puts on the wire, or
    /// [`CodecError::InvalidField`] if draft-19 does not define that
    /// Serialization Flags value.
    ///
    /// Section 11.4.4 defines the field in two pieces: values below 128 are a
    /// set of flags, and Table 7 adds exactly two values above that, 0x8C and
    /// 0x10C. "Any other value is a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION", which is what the
    /// error covers — every value with bit 7 set that is not one of the two.
    ///
    /// The two indicators get their layout from Section 11.4.4.2 rather than
    /// from their bits: "the Group ID and Object ID fields are present.
    /// Subgroup ID, Priority and Properties are not present." Their low bits
    /// happen to spell exactly that (both are `0x0C` in the low seven bits:
    /// Group ID Delta and Object ID Delta set, Subgroup ID mode 0b00, no
    /// priority, no properties), but that is a property of the two values the
    /// draft chose and not a rule, so the layout is taken from the section
    /// that states it.
    fn layout(flags: u64) -> Result<FetchObjectLayout, CodecError> {
        if flags == FETCH_END_OF_NON_EXISTENT_RANGE || flags == FETCH_END_OF_UNKNOWN_RANGE {
            return Ok(FetchObjectLayout {
                group_id_delta: true,
                subgroup_id: false,
                object_id_delta: true,
                publisher_priority: false,
                properties: false,
            });
        }
        if flags > FETCH_FLAGS_MAX {
            return Err(CodecError::InvalidField);
        }
        Ok(FetchObjectLayout {
            group_id_delta: flags & FETCH_GROUP_ID_DELTA_BIT != 0,
            // An Object with the Datagram bit set has no Subgroup ID to write,
            // whatever the mode bits hold, so the field is absent.
            subgroup_id: flags & FETCH_DATAGRAM_BIT == 0
                && flags & FETCH_SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_MASK == FETCH_SUBGROUP_ID_EXPLICIT,
            object_id_delta: flags & FETCH_OBJECT_ID_DELTA_BIT != 0,
            publisher_priority: flags & FETCH_PRIORITY_BIT != 0,
            properties: flags & FETCH_PROPERTIES_BIT != 0,
        })
    }

    /// Decode one fetch object header, leaving the payload in `buf`.
    ///
    /// Errors with [`CodecError::InvalidField`] for a Serialization Flags
    /// value draft-19 Section 11.4.4 does not define, and with
    /// [`CodecError::UnexpectedEnd`] or a varint error when the buffer runs
    /// out mid-field.
    ///
    /// The flags are validated before any field is read, because they are what
    /// says where the fields are: decoding an undefined value would mean
    /// picking a layout the draft never described and then consuming a
    /// plausible number of bytes under it.
    pub fn decode(buf: &mut impl Buf) -> Result<Self, CodecError> {
        let serialization_flags = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?;
        let layout = Self::layout(serialization_flags.into_inner())?;

        let group_id_delta =
            layout.group_id_delta.then(|| VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)).transpose()?;
        let subgroup_id =
            layout.subgroup_id.then(|| VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)).transpose()?;
        let object_id_delta =
            layout.object_id_delta.then(|| VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)).transpose()?;

        let publisher_priority = if layout.publisher_priority {
            if buf.remaining() < 1 {
                return Err(CodecError::UnexpectedEnd);
            }
            Some(buf.get_u8())
        } else {
            None
        };

        let properties = if layout.properties {
            let len = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?.into_inner() as usize;
            Some(crate::types::read_bytes(buf, len)?)
        } else {
            None
        };

        let payload_length = VarInt::decode_moqt::<Wire>(buf)?;

        Ok(FetchObjectHeader {
            serialization_flags,
            group_id_delta,
            subgroup_id,
            object_id_delta,
            publisher_priority,
            properties,
            payload_length,
        })
    }

    /// Serialize the header, refusing one whose fields disagree with its own
    /// Serialization Flags.
    ///
    /// Errors with [`CodecError::InvalidField`] when the flags are a value
    /// draft-19 does not define, and when any optional field is present while
    /// its flag is clear or absent while its flag is set. Checked before any
    /// byte is written, so a refused header leaves `buf` untouched.
    ///
    /// Fallible for the same reason [`DatagramHeader::encode_checked`] is: the
    /// flags decide the framing, so writing them as the authority and dropping
    /// whatever they do not cover is silent data loss. A Group ID Delta held
    /// with the 0x08 bit clear is not written, the reader takes the Object as
    /// belonging to the previous Object's group, and nothing about the
    /// resulting stream looks wrong. The mirror case is worse: a flag set with
    /// no value behind it would have to invent one, and an invented Object ID
    /// Delta of zero is a real Object ID.
    ///
    /// Nothing here checks the deltas against the previous Object — that no
    /// Object other than the first may reference a prior Object that does not
    /// exist, for one. A single header has no way to see that, and this type
    /// deliberately does not carry stream state.
    pub fn encode(&self, buf: &mut impl BufMut) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
        let layout = Self::layout(self.flags())?;
        if layout.group_id_delta != self.group_id_delta.is_some()
            || layout.subgroup_id != self.subgroup_id.is_some()
            || layout.object_id_delta != self.object_id_delta.is_some()
            || layout.publisher_priority != self.publisher_priority.is_some()
            || layout.properties != self.properties.is_some()
        {
            return Err(CodecError::InvalidField);
        }

        self.serialization_flags.encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
        // Wire order, from Figure 27: Group ID Delta, then Subgroup ID, then
        // Object ID Delta. The `layout` check above has already established
        // that exactly the fields the flags call for are present, so whichever
        // of the three are `Some` are the ones that belong here.
        for field in
            [self.group_id_delta, self.subgroup_id, self.object_id_delta].into_iter().flatten()
        {
            field.encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
        }
        if let Some(priority) = self.publisher_priority {
            buf.put_u8(priority);
        }
        if let Some(properties) = &self.properties {
            VarInt::from_usize(properties.len()).encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
            buf.put_slice(properties);
        }
        self.payload_length.encode_moqt::<Wire>(buf);
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// The order a FETCH response's Groups arrive in, which decides how a Group ID
/// Delta is applied.
///
/// Draft-19 Section 11.4.4.1: "If the Group Order is Ascending, the Group ID is
/// the prior Object's Group ID plus the Group ID Delta + 1. If the Group Order
/// is Descending, the Group ID is the prior Object's Group ID minus the (Group
/// ID Delta + 1)."
///
/// The order is not on the data stream — it is settled by the control exchange
/// that opened the FETCH, whose GROUP_ORDER parameter (Section 10.2.8) spells
/// Ascending 0x1 and Descending 0x2 — so [`FetchObjectReader`] has to be told
/// which one it is reading. Getting it wrong does not fail to parse: it decodes
/// every Object under a Group ID that walks the wrong way.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum GroupOrder {
    /// Group IDs increase: a delta adds to the prior Group ID.
    Ascending,
    /// Group IDs decrease: a delta subtracts from the prior Group ID.
    Descending,
}

/// One frame from a FETCH stream with its delta-encoded fields resolved.
///
/// The header is kept alongside the resolved values so that a caller can
/// forward the frame's bytes unchanged while acting on what they mean.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct FetchObject {
    /// The frame as it appeared on the wire.
    pub header: FetchObjectHeader,
    /// Resolved absolute Group ID. On an End of Range marker, the Group ID of
    /// the Location the marker names.
    pub group_id: u64,
    /// Resolved Subgroup ID. `None` for an End of Range marker, which has
    /// none, and for an Object whose forwarding preference is Datagram.
    pub subgroup_id: Option<u64>,
    /// Resolved absolute Object ID. On an End of Range marker, the Object ID of
    /// the Location the marker names.
    pub object_id: u64,
    /// The Publisher Priority in force for this frame, whether this frame wrote
    /// it or an earlier one did, and `None` while no frame has written one.
    ///
    /// An End of Range marker carries no Priority field of its own, so what it
    /// reports is the one still in force from the last Object before it —
    /// Section 11.4.4.2: "Prior Priority: The Priority from the last actual
    /// Object before the End of Range indicator."
    ///
    /// The draft-19 fallback for a subscription that never stated a priority is
    /// left to the caller rather than substituted here, so that "no frame has
    /// said" stays distinguishable from "a frame said 128".
    pub publisher_priority: Option<u8>,
}

/// Resolves the delta-encoded fields of the frames on one FETCH stream.
///
/// Draft-19 Section 11.4.4.1 defines nearly every field of a fetch frame
/// against "the prior Object", so no frame after the first can be understood on
/// its own. This holds what the frames so far established, in the two parts the
/// draft keeps separate: Section 11.4.4.2 says that after an End of Range
/// marker the prior Group ID and Object ID are the marker's, while the prior
/// Subgroup ID and Priority are still "from the last actual Object before the
/// End of Range indicator".
///
/// Every rule the section answers with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION is refused here
/// with [`CodecError::InvalidField`]: a first Object that references fields no
/// prior Object established, a Subgroup ID or Priority inherited when there is
/// none to inherit, and an arithmetic result outside the 64-bit range.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct FetchObjectReader {
    group_order: GroupOrder,
    /// Group ID and Object ID of the last frame, marker or Object.
    prior_location: Option<(u64, u64)>,
    /// Subgroup ID of the last actual Object that had one.
    prior_subgroup_id: Option<u64>,
    /// Publisher Priority of the last actual Object.
    prior_publisher_priority: Option<u8>,
}

impl FetchObjectReader {
    /// A reader for a stream whose Groups arrive in `group_order`.
    pub fn new(group_order: GroupOrder) -> Self {
        Self {
            group_order,
            prior_location: None,
            prior_subgroup_id: None,
            prior_publisher_priority: None,
        }
    }

    /// Decode the next frame's header and resolve its fields.
    ///
    /// Consumes the header only. The Object Payload is
    /// `header.payload_length` bytes and stays in `buf`, so a caller that
    /// forwards payloads never copies them and one that ignores them can skip.
    ///
    /// Errors with [`CodecError::InvalidField`] on every rule
    /// Section 11.4.4.1 states:
    ///
    /// - "The first Object MUST include a Group ID Delta and Object ID Delta,
    ///   and these values are the absolute Group ID and Object ID. If the first
    ///   Object in the FETCH response uses a flag that references fields in the
    ///   prior Object, the Subscriber MUST close the session with a
    ///   PROTOCOL_VIOLATION." Each such flag is refused where it is read, so
    ///   the reason survives: a missing delta, an inherited Priority and an
    ///   inherited Subgroup ID are three different frames, all of them
    ///   referencing an Object that does not exist.
    /// - "If the computed Group ID would be less than 0 or greater than
    ///   2^64-1, the Subscriber MUST close the Session with error
    ///   'PROTOCOL_VIOLATION'" — the descending and ascending ends of the same
    ///   rule.
    /// - "If the computed Object ID would be greater than 2^64-1, the
    ///   Subscriber MUST close the Session with error 'PROTOCOL_VIOLATION'."
    pub fn read_object_header(&mut self, buf: &mut impl Buf) -> Result<FetchObject, CodecError> {
        let header = FetchObjectHeader::decode(buf)?;

        // An End of Range marker states a Location outright and inherits
        // nothing, so it is resolved before any of the prior-Object rules.
        // Section 11.4.4.2 reads its two delta fields as the absolute Group ID
        // and Object ID of the end of the range, so nothing is added to them.
        if header.end_of_range().is_some() {
            let group_id = header.group_id_delta.ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?.into_inner();
            let object_id = header.object_id_delta.ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?.into_inner();
            self.prior_location = Some((group_id, object_id));
            let publisher_priority = self.prior_publisher_priority;
            return Ok(FetchObject {
                header,
                group_id,
                subgroup_id: None,
                object_id,
                publisher_priority,
            });
        }

        let group_id = match (self.prior_location, header.group_id_delta) {
            // The first object's delta is its absolute Group ID.
            (None, Some(delta)) => delta.into_inner(),
            (None, None) => return Err(CodecError::InvalidField),
            (Some((prior_group, _)), None) => prior_group,
            (Some((prior_group, _)), Some(delta)) => {
                let delta = delta.into_inner();
                match self.group_order {
                    GroupOrder::Ascending => prior_group
                        .checked_add(delta)
                        .and_then(|v| v.checked_add(1))
                        .ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?,
                    GroupOrder::Descending => prior_group
                        .checked_sub(delta)
                        .and_then(|v| v.checked_sub(1))
                        .ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?,
                }
            }
        };

        let object_id =
            match (self.prior_location, header.group_id_delta.is_some(), header.object_id_delta) {
                // A Group ID Delta restarts the Object ID from its own delta,
                // which is why a new group does not continue the previous
                // group's numbering.
                (_, true, Some(delta)) => delta.into_inner(),
                (Some((_, prior_object)), false, Some(delta)) => {
                    prior_object.checked_add(delta.into_inner()).ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?
                }
                (Some((_, prior_object)), _, None) => {
                    prior_object.checked_add(1).ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?
                }
                (None, _, _) => return Err(CodecError::InvalidField),
            };

        let subgroup_id = if header.is_datagram() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(match header.subgroup_id_mode() {
                0x00 => 0,
                0x01 => self.prior_subgroup_id.ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?,
                0x02 => self
                    .prior_subgroup_id
                    .ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?
                    .checked_add(1)
                    .ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?,
                // Mode 0b11, the only value left: the field is on the wire.
                _ => header.subgroup_id.ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?.into_inner(),
            })
        };

        let publisher_priority = match header.publisher_priority {
            Some(p) => p,
            None => self.prior_publisher_priority.ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?,
        };

        self.prior_location = Some((group_id, object_id));
        // A Datagram-forwarded object has no Subgroup ID to leave behind, so it
        // does not clear the running one: the object after it inherits from the
        // last object that had one.
        if let Some(subgroup_id) = subgroup_id {
            self.prior_subgroup_id = Some(subgroup_id);
        }
        self.prior_publisher_priority = Some(publisher_priority);

        Ok(FetchObject {
            header,
            group_id,
            subgroup_id,
            object_id,
            publisher_priority: Some(publisher_priority),
        })
    }
}

/// Re-encodes resolved fetch frames onto one FETCH stream.
///
/// The exact inverse of [`FetchObjectReader`], and it exists for one caller:
/// something that has read a stream and is writing a different stream from the
/// same frames. Removing a frame changes what the frames after it are encoded
/// *against*, and draft-19 Section 11.4.4.1 defines nearly every field against
/// "the prior Object", so the survivor that follows a removed run cannot keep
/// its original bytes. What has to change is not one field: an Object that
/// carried no Group ID Delta because it shared its predecessor's group needs
/// one once that predecessor is gone, so a field appears and a flag bit with
/// it.
///
/// # Why this is not a general encoder
///
/// Every frame it writes came off a stream, so the caller already holds the
/// frame's own [`FetchObjectHeader`] alongside the resolved values. That header
/// is used as the preference: wherever the original shape still encodes the
/// same meaning against the new predecessor, it is kept, so a stream with
/// nothing removed from it is reproduced byte for byte. Only where the original
/// shape would now decode to something else is a different one chosen. An
/// encoder built from the resolved values alone could not do that — it would
/// have to invent a canonical form and would rewrite every frame on a stream
/// that needed no rewriting at all.
///
/// # What it refuses
///
/// [`CodecError::InvalidField`] where no encoding exists rather than picking
/// one: a Group ID that moves against the FETCH's Group Order, an Object ID
/// that does not advance, an Object with neither a Subgroup ID nor the Datagram
/// bit, and the arithmetic overflows. Each of these is a frame this writer was
/// handed that no draft-19 stream could carry, and inventing a value for it
/// would put a different Object on the wire than the one it was given.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct FetchObjectWriter {
    group_order: GroupOrder,
    /// Group ID and Object ID of the last frame written, marker or Object.
    prior_location: Option<(u64, u64)>,
    /// Subgroup ID of the last actual Object written that had one.
    prior_subgroup_id: Option<u64>,
    /// Publisher Priority of the last actual Object written.
    prior_publisher_priority: Option<u8>,
}

impl FetchObjectWriter {
    /// A writer for a stream whose Groups are being written in `group_order`.
    ///
    /// The order has to match the one the FETCH was opened with, for the same
    /// reason [`FetchObjectReader::new`] takes it: it decides whether a Group
    /// ID Delta adds or subtracts, and it is not on the data stream.
    pub fn new(group_order: GroupOrder) -> Self {
        Self {
            group_order,
            prior_location: None,
            prior_subgroup_id: None,
            prior_publisher_priority: None,
        }
    }

    /// The header that encodes `frame` against everything written so far.
    ///
    /// Does not advance the writer — [`Self::write_object_header`] is the call
    /// that does both. Separated so that a caller can measure the bytes a
    /// re-encode would take before committing to it.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// [`CodecError::InvalidField`] for a frame that cannot be encoded against
    /// the current predecessor; see the type's own documentation for the list.
    pub fn header_for(&self, frame: &FetchObject) -> Result<FetchObjectHeader, CodecError> {
        let original = &frame.header;

        // An End of Range marker states its Location outright and inherits
        // nothing, so its two fields are the same whatever precedes it and the
        // frame is reproduced as it arrived.
        if original.end_of_range().is_some() {
            return Ok(FetchObjectHeader {
                serialization_flags: original.serialization_flags,
                group_id_delta: Some(VarInt::from_u64(frame.group_id)?),
                subgroup_id: None,
                object_id_delta: Some(VarInt::from_u64(frame.object_id)?),
                publisher_priority: None,
                properties: None,
                payload_length: original.payload_length,
            });
        }

        let (group_id_delta, object_id_delta) = self.identity_fields(frame, original)?;
        let (subgroup_mode, subgroup_id) = self.subgroup_field(frame, original)?;
        let publisher_priority = self.priority_field(frame, original)?;

        let mut flags = subgroup_mode;
        if original.is_datagram() {
            flags |= FETCH_DATAGRAM_BIT;
        }
        if group_id_delta.is_some() {
            flags |= FETCH_GROUP_ID_DELTA_BIT;
        }
        if object_id_delta.is_some() {
            flags |= FETCH_OBJECT_ID_DELTA_BIT;
        }
        if publisher_priority.is_some() {
            flags |= FETCH_PRIORITY_BIT;
        }
        if original.properties.is_some() {
            flags |= FETCH_PROPERTIES_BIT;
        }

        Ok(FetchObjectHeader {
            serialization_flags: VarInt::from_u64(flags)?,
            group_id_delta,
            subgroup_id,
            object_id_delta,
            publisher_priority,
            properties: original.properties.clone(),
            payload_length: original.payload_length,
        })
    }

    /// The Group ID Delta and Object ID Delta fields, as this predecessor needs
    /// them.
    ///
    /// Presence is forced by the frame rather than chosen: a group that differs
    /// from the predecessor's has to be stated, and one that matches has to be
    /// left off, since a delta of zero means the next group along and not this
    /// one. Only the Object ID Delta has a choice to make, and it is made in
    /// favour of the shape the frame arrived in.
    fn identity_fields(
        &self,
        frame: &FetchObject,
        original: &FetchObjectHeader,
    ) -> Result<(Option<VarInt>, Option<VarInt>), CodecError> {
        let Some((prior_group, prior_object)) = self.prior_location else {
            // Section 11.4.4.1: "The first Object MUST include a Group ID Delta
            // and Object ID Delta, and these values are the absolute Group ID
            // and Object ID."
            return Ok((
                Some(VarInt::from_u64(frame.group_id)?),
                Some(VarInt::from_u64(frame.object_id)?),
            ));
        };

        if frame.group_id != prior_group {
            // A Group ID Delta moves the group by delta + 1, forwards under
            // Ascending and backwards under Descending, and when an Object ID
            // Delta accompanies it the Object ID is that delta outright rather
            // than an advance on the predecessor.
            let step = match self.group_order {
                GroupOrder::Ascending => frame.group_id.checked_sub(prior_group),
                GroupOrder::Descending => prior_group.checked_sub(frame.group_id),
            };
            let delta = step.and_then(|s| s.checked_sub(1)).ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?;

            // Omitting the Object ID Delta across a group boundary is legal and
            // is a byte shorter. Section 11.4.4.1: "If Object ID Delta is not
            // present, the Object ID is the prior Object's ID plus one,
            // REGARDLESS OF WHICH GROUP IT BELONGS TO." So an Object that
            // continues the numbering into a new group encodes without one --
            // the Object ID does not restart at the group boundary unless a
            // delta says so.
            //
            // Gated on the frame's own framing, like the same-group case below,
            // so re-emitting a stream reproduces the publisher's bytes instead
            // of silently rewriting the shorter form into the longer one. It
            // also keeps markers correct without a special case: a marker
            // always arrives with an Object ID Delta and never takes this
            // branch.
            if original.object_id_delta.is_none()
                && frame.object_id == prior_object.wrapping_add(1)
                && prior_object != u64::MAX
            {
                return Ok((Some(VarInt::from_u64(delta)?), None));
            }

            return Ok((Some(VarInt::from_u64(delta)?), Some(VarInt::from_u64(frame.object_id)?)));
        }

        // Same group. The Object ID is the predecessor's plus the delta, or
        // plus one when no delta is written, so an Object that does not advance
        // has no encoding at all.
        let advance = frame.object_id.checked_sub(prior_object).ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?;
        if advance == 0 {
            return Err(CodecError::InvalidField);
        }
        if advance == 1 && original.object_id_delta.is_none() {
            return Ok((None, None));
        }
        Ok((None, Some(VarInt::from_u64(advance)?)))
    }

    /// The Subgroup ID mode bits and the explicit field, if one is needed.
    ///
    /// The frame's own mode is tried first, so a run of Objects that inherited
    /// their Subgroup ID keeps inheriting it and its bytes do not move. Only
    /// when the predecessor changed under it does a different mode get chosen,
    /// and then the cheapest one that says the right number.
    fn subgroup_field(
        &self,
        frame: &FetchObject,
        original: &FetchObjectHeader,
    ) -> Result<(u64, Option<VarInt>), CodecError> {
        // Section 11.4.4.1 has the subscriber ignore these bits on a
        // Datagram-forwarded Object, and no field is on the wire whatever they
        // say, so the frame's own bits are carried across untouched.
        if original.is_datagram() {
            return Ok((original.flags() & FETCH_SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_MASK, None));
        }

        let subgroup_id = frame.subgroup_id.ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?;
        let inherits = self.prior_subgroup_id == Some(subgroup_id);
        let successor =
            self.prior_subgroup_id.is_some_and(|p| p.checked_add(1) == Some(subgroup_id));

        // The frame's own mode, kept when it still names this number.
        let kept = match original.flags() & FETCH_SUBGROUP_ID_MODE_MASK {
            0x00 if subgroup_id == 0 => Some((0x00, None)),
            0x01 if inherits => Some((0x01, None)),
            0x02 if successor => Some((0x02, None)),
            FETCH_SUBGROUP_ID_EXPLICIT => Some((FETCH_SUBGROUP_ID_EXPLICIT, Some(subgroup_id))),
            _ => None,
        };
        let (mode, explicit) = match kept {
            Some(pair) => pair,
            None if subgroup_id == 0 => (0x00, None),
            None if inherits => (0x01, None),
            None if successor => (0x02, None),
            None => (FETCH_SUBGROUP_ID_EXPLICIT, Some(subgroup_id)),
        };
        Ok((mode, explicit.map(VarInt::from_u64).transpose()?))
    }

    /// The Publisher Priority field, or `None` when the predecessor already
    /// carries it.
    ///
    /// Written whenever the frame wrote one, so a publisher that stated a
    /// priority on every Object keeps its bytes, and written anyway when the
    /// predecessor's differs or when there is no predecessor to inherit from.
    fn priority_field(
        &self,
        frame: &FetchObject,
        original: &FetchObjectHeader,
    ) -> Result<Option<u8>, CodecError> {
        let priority = frame.publisher_priority.ok_or(CodecError::InvalidField)?;
        if original.publisher_priority.is_some() || self.prior_publisher_priority != Some(priority)
        {
            return Ok(Some(priority));
        }
        Ok(None)
    }

    /// Encode `frame` against everything written so far and advance.
    ///
    /// Writes the header only. The payload is `frame.header.payload_length`
    /// bytes and is the caller's to copy, unchanged — nothing about it depends
    /// on what preceded the Object.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// [`CodecError::InvalidField`] for a frame with no encoding against the
    /// current predecessor. The writer is left untouched when this happens, so
    /// a caller that gives up on one frame and carries on with the next is
    /// writing against the same predecessor it thought it was.
    pub fn write_object_header(
        &mut self,
        frame: &FetchObject,
        out: &mut impl BufMut,
    ) -> Result<FetchObjectHeader, CodecError> {
        let header = self.header_for(frame)?;
        header.encode(out)?;
        self.advance(frame);
        Ok(header)
    }

    /// Record `frame` as the predecessor of whatever is written next.
    ///
    /// Split from the write so that a caller re-emitting bytes it already holds
    /// can advance without producing a header twice — which is what happens
    /// whenever the framing a frame arrived in still encodes the same meaning
    /// against the frame before it, and is why this is public.
    pub fn advance(&mut self, frame: &FetchObject) {
        self.prior_location = Some((frame.group_id, frame.object_id));
        // Mirrors the reader: a Datagram-forwarded Object leaves no Subgroup ID
        // behind, so the running one survives it.
        if let Some(subgroup_id) = frame.subgroup_id {
            self.prior_subgroup_id = Some(subgroup_id);
        }
        if frame.header.end_of_range().is_none() {
            if let Some(priority) = frame.publisher_priority {
                self.prior_publisher_priority = Some(priority);
            }
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    /// Canonically encoded subgroup stream vectors from
    /// `test-vectors/transport/draft19/codec/data-streams/subgroup.json`.
    /// `subgroup-explicit-subgroup-id` is omitted: it encodes group_id 100 as a
    /// two-byte varint, which does not survive a minimal-width re-encode.
    const VECTORS: &[&str] = &[
        // subgroup-single-object
        "100100800004deadbeef",
        // subgroup-two-objects
        "100100800004deadbeef0002cafe",
        // subgroup-no-priority
        "3001000004deadbeef",
        // subgroup-with-extensions
        "11010080000004deadbeef",
        // subgroup-end-of-group
        "180105800004deadbeef",
        // subgroup-id-mode-01
        "120100800504deadbeef",
        // subgroup-with-object-properties
        "1101008000043c02020104deadbeef",
        // subgroup-object-status-end-of-group
        "100100800004deadbeef000003",
        // subgroup-object-status-end-of-track
        "10010080000004",
        // subgroup-properties-two-objects-empty
        "11010080000004deadbeef000002cafe",
        // subgroup-properties-two-objects-nonempty
        "1101008000023c0204deadbeef00023c0302cafe",
        // subgroup-properties-status-object
        "1101008000023c010003",
        // subgroup-first-object-bit
        "500100800004deadbeef",
        // subgroup-first-object-and-end-of-group
        "580102800002cafe",
    ];

    fn vi(v: u64) -> VarInt {
        VarInt::from_u64_moqt(v)
    }

    fn hex(s: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
        (0..s.len()).step_by(2).map(|i| u8::from_str_radix(&s[i..i + 2], 16).unwrap()).collect()
    }

    /// Decode a whole subgroup stream: the header, then every object up to
    /// the end of the buffer.
    fn decode_all(bytes: &[u8]) -> (SubgroupHeader, Vec<SubgroupObject>) {
        let mut cursor = bytes;
        let header = SubgroupHeader::decode(&mut cursor)
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("header decode failed: {e:?}"));
        let mut reader = SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header);
        let mut objects = Vec::new();
        while cursor.has_remaining() {
            objects.push(
                reader
                    .read_object(&mut cursor)
                    .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("object {} decode failed: {e:?}", objects.len())),
            );
        }
        (header, objects)
    }

    fn encode_all(header: &SubgroupHeader, objects: &[SubgroupObject]) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        header.encode(&mut buf);
        let mut writer = SubgroupObjectReader::new(header);
        for o in objects {
            writer.write_object(o, &mut buf).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("write failed: {e:?}"));
        }
        buf
    }

    fn object(id: u64, extensions: Vec<u8>, payload: Vec<u8>) -> SubgroupObject {
        SubgroupObject {
            object_id: vi(id),
            extension_headers: extensions,
            payload_length: vi(payload.len() as u64),
            object_status: None,
            payload,
        }
    }

    // ── Object ID deltas ────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn two_objects_with_properties_have_distinct_ids() {
        // Vector `subgroup-properties-two-objects-empty`: two objects, each
        // carrying an empty properties block and a delta of 0. The delta is
        // biased by one whether or not the properties bit is set, so the IDs
        // are 0 and 1 — not 0 and 0.
        let bytes = hex("11010080000004deadbeef000002cafe");
        let (header, objects) = decode_all(&bytes);
        assert!(header.has_properties());
        assert_eq!(objects.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(objects[0].object_id.into_inner(), 0);
        assert_eq!(objects[1].object_id.into_inner(), 1);
        assert_eq!(objects[0].payload, hex("deadbeef"));
        assert_eq!(objects[1].payload, hex("cafe"));
        assert!(objects.iter().all(|o| o.extension_headers.is_empty()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn deltas_resolve_sparse_ids() {
        let header = SubgroupHeader::decode(&mut &hex("100100800004deadbeef")[..]).unwrap();
        let objects: Vec<_> =
            [3u64, 4, 40].iter().map(|&id| object(id, vec![], vec![0xAA, id as u8])).collect();
        let (_, decoded) = decode_all(&encode_all(&header, &objects));
        let ids: Vec<u64> = decoded.iter().map(|o| o.object_id.into_inner()).collect();
        assert_eq!(ids, vec![3, 4, 40]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn write_rejects_non_increasing_ids() {
        let header = SubgroupHeader::decode(&mut &hex("100100800004deadbeef")[..]).unwrap();
        let mut writer = SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header);
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        writer.write_object(&object(7, vec![], vec![0x01]), &mut buf).unwrap();
        for id in [7u64, 6, 0] {
            let err = writer.write_object(&object(id, vec![], vec![0x01]), &mut buf).unwrap_err();
            assert!(matches!(err, CodecError::InvalidField), "id {id} gave {err:?}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn eliding_an_object_renumbers_its_successor() {
        let header = SubgroupHeader::decode(&mut &hex("100100800004deadbeef")[..]).unwrap();
        let all: Vec<_> = (0..5u64).map(|id| object(id, vec![], vec![id as u8])).collect();
        for elided in 0..5u64 {
            let kept: Vec<_> =
                all.iter().filter(|o| o.object_id.into_inner() != elided).cloned().collect();
            let (_, decoded) = decode_all(&encode_all(&header, &kept));
            let ids: Vec<u64> = decoded.iter().map(|o| o.object_id.into_inner()).collect();
            let expected: Vec<u64> = (0..5u64).filter(|&i| i != elided).collect();
            assert_eq!(ids, expected, "eliding object {elided}");
        }
    }

    // ── Properties blocks ──────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn properties_blob_excludes_its_length_prefix() {
        // Vector `subgroup-properties-two-objects-nonempty`: each
        // object carries a two-byte block, so the blob is those two bytes
        // with the `02` length prefix stripped.
        let bytes = hex("1101008000023c0204deadbeef00023c0302cafe");
        let (_, objects) = decode_all(&bytes);
        assert_eq!(objects.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(objects[0].object_id.into_inner(), 0);
        assert_eq!(objects[1].object_id.into_inner(), 1);
        assert_eq!(objects[0].extension_headers, hex("3c02"));
        assert_eq!(objects[1].extension_headers, hex("3c03"));
        assert_eq!(objects[0].payload, hex("deadbeef"));
        assert_eq!(objects[1].payload, hex("cafe"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn status_object_carries_its_properties_block() {
        let (_, objects) = decode_all(&hex("1101008000023c010003"));
        assert_eq!(objects.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(objects[0].extension_headers, hex("3c01"));
        assert_eq!(objects[0].payload_length.into_inner(), 0);
        assert_eq!(objects[0].object_status.map(ObjectStatus::as_u64), Some(3));
        assert!(objects[0].payload.is_empty());
    }

    // ── Re-encoding ─────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn vectors_re_encode_byte_identically() {
        for vector in VECTORS {
            let bytes = hex(vector);
            let (header, objects) = decode_all(&bytes);
            assert_eq!(encode_all(&header, &objects), bytes, "[{vector}] re-encode");
        }
    }

    // ── Payload-free framing ────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn meta_matches_read_object() {
        for vector in VECTORS {
            let bytes = hex(vector);
            let mut cursor = &bytes[..];
            let header = SubgroupHeader::decode(&mut cursor).unwrap();
            let mut full_reader = SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header);
            let mut meta_reader = SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header);
            let mut full_cursor = cursor;
            let mut meta_cursor = cursor;
            while meta_cursor.has_remaining() {
                let before = meta_cursor.remaining();
                let object = full_reader.read_object(&mut full_cursor).unwrap();
                let meta = meta_reader.read_object_meta(&mut meta_cursor).unwrap();
                assert_eq!(meta.object_id, object.object_id.into_inner(), "[{vector}]");
                assert_eq!(
                    meta.extension_headers_len,
                    object.extension_headers.len() as u64,
                    "[{vector}]"
                );
                assert_eq!(meta.payload_length, object.payload_length.into_inner(), "[{vector}]");
                assert_eq!(
                    meta.status,
                    object.object_status.map(ObjectStatus::as_u64),
                    "[{vector}]"
                );
                assert_eq!(meta.wire_len, (before - meta_cursor.remaining()) as u64, "[{vector}]");
                assert_eq!(full_cursor.remaining(), meta_cursor.remaining(), "[{vector}]");
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn short_buffers_report_unexpected_end() {
        let bytes = hex("1101008000023c0204deadbeef00023c0302cafe");
        let mut cursor = &bytes[..];
        let header = SubgroupHeader::decode(&mut cursor).unwrap();
        let objects_start = bytes.len() - cursor.len();
        for cut in objects_start..bytes.len() {
            let mut reader = SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header);
            let mut meta_reader = SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header);
            let mut cursor = &bytes[objects_start..cut];
            let mut meta_cursor = cursor;
            while cursor.has_remaining() {
                if let Err(err) = reader.read_object(&mut cursor) {
                    assert!(
                        matches!(err, CodecError::UnexpectedEnd | CodecError::VarInt(_)),
                        "cut {cut} gave {err:?}"
                    );
                    break;
                }
            }
            while meta_cursor.has_remaining() {
                if let Err(err) = meta_reader.read_object_meta(&mut meta_cursor) {
                    assert!(
                        matches!(err, CodecError::UnexpectedEnd | CodecError::VarInt(_)),
                        "cut {cut} gave {err:?}"
                    );
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // ── Object status ───────────────────────────────────────

    /// A one-object subgroup stream whose object carries `status` in place of
    /// a payload: header type 0x10 (no properties, subgroup-ID mode 0, no
    /// FIRST_OBJECT bit), track alias 1, group 0, publisher priority 128; then
    /// an Object ID delta of 0, a payload length of 0, and the status code.
    fn subgroup_status_stream(status: u64) -> Vec<u8> {
        vec![0x10, 0x01, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, status as u8]
    }

    /// A status datagram carrying `status`: type 0x20 (STATUS bit set,
    /// explicit Object ID, explicit priority), track alias 1, group 0, object
    /// 0, priority 128, then the status byte.
    fn status_datagram(status: u64) -> Vec<u8> {
        vec![0x20, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, status as u8]
    }

    /// The object [`subgroup_status_stream`] describes, as a value.
    fn status_object(status: Option<ObjectStatus>) -> SubgroupObject {
        SubgroupObject {
            object_id: vi(0),
            extension_headers: Vec::new(),
            payload_length: vi(0),
            object_status: status,
            payload: Vec::new(),
        }
    }

    /// An object carrying both `payload` and, in the caller's hands, `status`.
    /// The wire has no room for both, which is what the registry rules on.
    fn payload_object(status: Option<ObjectStatus>, payload: Vec<u8>) -> SubgroupObject {
        SubgroupObject {
            object_id: vi(0),
            extension_headers: Vec::new(),
            payload_length: vi(payload.len() as u64),
            object_status: status,
            payload,
        }
    }

    /// The datagram [`status_datagram`] describes, as a value.
    fn status_datagram_header(status: Option<ObjectStatus>) -> DatagramHeader {
        DatagramHeader {
            datagram_type: 0x20,
            track_alias: vi(1),
            group_id: vi(0),
            object_id: vi(0),
            publisher_priority: Some(128),
            properties: Vec::new(),
            object_status: status,
        }
    }

    /// Every status draft-19 assigns can be written and read back as the same
    /// status, on both a subgroup stream and a status datagram.
    ///
    /// The set is read from `ObjectStatus::ALL` — the three rows of the Object
    /// Status registry — rather than restated here, so this moves with the
    /// draft if a code is ever reassigned. It is the gate on typing the two
    /// `object_status` fields: a typed field that silently narrowed or
    /// renumbered the set would fail here even though it still compiled.
    ///
    /// Writing `ObjectStatus::Normal` when a zero-length object's status is
    /// `None` is checked too — without it the encoder emits an object whose
    /// declared payload length promises a status field that never arrives.
    ///
    /// Made `write_object` encode a constant `ObjectStatus::Normal` instead of
    /// the object's own status, ran it, and got:
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// assertion `left == right` failed: subgroup object status
    ///   left: Some(Normal)
    ///  right: Some(EndOfGroup)
    /// ```
    ///
    /// The same change to `DatagramHeader::encode` gives:
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// assertion `left == right` failed: datagram object status
    ///   left: Some(Normal)
    ///  right: Some(EndOfGroup)
    /// ```
    #[test]
    fn every_assigned_status_survives_a_round_trip() {
        let header = SubgroupHeader::decode(&mut &hex("100100800004deadbeef")[..]).unwrap();
        for &status in ObjectStatus::ALL {
            let mut buf = Vec::new();
            SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header)
                .write_object(&status_object(Some(status)), &mut buf)
                .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("write_object refused {status:?}: {e:?}"));

            let mut cursor = &buf[..];
            let object =
                SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header).read_object(&mut cursor).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                    panic!("read_object refused the bytes written for {status:?}: {e:?}")
                });
            assert_eq!(object.object_status, Some(status), "subgroup object status");
            assert!(!cursor.has_remaining(), "{status:?}: bytes left over after read_object");

            let meta =
                SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header).read_object_meta(&mut &buf[..]).unwrap_or_else(
                    |e| panic!("read_object_meta refused the bytes written for {status:?}: {e:?}"),
                );
            assert_eq!(meta.status, Some(status.as_u64()), "subgroup meta status");

            let mut datagram = Vec::new();
            status_datagram_header(Some(status)).encode(&mut datagram);
            let decoded = DatagramHeader::decode(&mut &datagram[..]).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                panic!("datagram decode refused the bytes written for {status:?}: {e:?}")
            });
            assert_eq!(decoded.object_status, Some(status), "datagram object status");
        }

        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header).write_object(&status_object(None), &mut buf).unwrap();
        let object = SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header)
            .read_object(&mut &buf[..])
            .expect("a zero-length object with no status must still decode");
        assert_eq!(object.object_status, Some(ObjectStatus::Normal));

        let mut datagram = Vec::new();
        status_datagram_header(None).encode(&mut datagram);
        let decoded = DatagramHeader::decode(&mut &datagram[..])
            .expect("a status datagram with no status must still decode");
        assert_eq!(decoded.object_status, Some(ObjectStatus::Normal));
    }

    /// The encoder writes exactly the frames the decoder accepts.
    ///
    /// Sweeps every status code `0x00..=0x3f` — one wire byte under both the
    /// varint on a subgroup stream and the bare byte on a datagram, and wide
    /// enough to contain the gap at `0x2` and the `0x1` draft-16 dropped. For
    /// a code the draft assigns, the hand-built frame must decode *and* the
    /// encoder handed that status must reproduce those exact bytes. For a code
    /// it does not assign, the same frame must be refused at all three decode
    /// sites — and no `ObjectStatus` exists to hand the encoder, so the frame
    /// has no way to be produced in the first place.
    ///
    /// This is a gate on the status code points only. Which of those statuses
    /// may carry a payload is the separate question
    /// [`the_registry_decides_which_statuses_may_carry_a_payload`] gates.
    ///
    /// # What this catches, observed by making each change and running it
    ///
    /// Encoding a constant `ObjectStatus::Normal` in `write_object` instead of
    /// the object's own status:
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// assertion `left == right` failed: the encoder must produce the frame the decoder accepted for status 0x3
    ///   left: [16, 1, 0, 128, 0, 0, 0]
    ///  right: [16, 1, 0, 128, 0, 0, 3]
    /// ```
    ///
    /// The same change in `DatagramHeader::encode`:
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// assertion `left == right` failed: the encoder must produce the datagram the decoder accepted for status 0x3
    ///   left: [32, 1, 0, 0, 128, 0]
    ///  right: [32, 1, 0, 0, 128, 3]
    /// ```
    ///
    /// The decoder drifting away from `ALL` — adding `0x2` to
    /// `ObjectStatus::from_u64`, so a code the draft does not assign starts
    /// decoding:
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// subgroup read_object accepted status 0x2, which the draft does not assign
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # The encode-side refusal is a type, not an assertion
    ///
    /// Once `object_status` is typed there is no runtime path that offers the
    /// encoder the `0x2` that this module's decoder is documented as refusing,
    /// so no test here can watch one be refused. Reverting
    /// `DatagramHeader::object_status` to `Option<u8>` with an `unwrap_or(0)`
    /// encoder does not make this test fail — it makes it stop compiling,
    /// which is the guarantee:
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// error[E0308]: mismatched types
    ///     = note: expected enum `Option<u8>`
    ///                found enum `Option<draft19::types::ObjectStatus>`
    /// ```
    #[test]
    fn the_encoder_writes_exactly_the_frames_the_decoder_accepts() {
        for code in 0x00u64..=0x3f {
            let assigned = ObjectStatus::ALL.iter().copied().find(|s| s.as_u64() == code);

            let stream = subgroup_status_stream(code);
            let mut cursor: &[u8] = &stream;
            let header = SubgroupHeader::decode(&mut cursor).unwrap();
            let objects = cursor;
            let read = SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header).read_object(&mut { objects });
            let meta = SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header).read_object_meta(&mut { objects });

            let datagram = status_datagram(code);
            let decoded = DatagramHeader::decode(&mut &datagram[..]);

            match assigned {
                Some(status) => {
                    let object = read.unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                        panic!(
                            "read_object refused status {code:#x}, which the draft assigns: {e:?}"
                        )
                    });
                    assert_eq!(object.object_status, Some(status));
                    assert_eq!(meta.unwrap().status, Some(code));
                    assert_eq!(decoded.unwrap().object_status, Some(status));

                    let mut written = Vec::new();
                    header.encode(&mut written);
                    SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header)
                        .write_object(&status_object(Some(status)), &mut written)
                        .unwrap();
                    assert_eq!(
                        written, stream,
                        "the encoder must produce the frame the decoder accepted for status {code:#x}"
                    );

                    let mut written = Vec::new();
                    status_datagram_header(Some(status)).encode(&mut written);
                    assert_eq!(
                        written, datagram,
                        "the encoder must produce the datagram the decoder accepted for status {code:#x}"
                    );
                }
                None => {
                    for (site, result) in [
                        ("subgroup read_object", read.map(|_| ())),
                        ("subgroup read_object_meta", meta.map(|_| ())),
                        ("status datagram", decoded.map(|_| ())),
                    ] {
                        match result {
                            Ok(()) => panic!(
                                "{site} accepted status {code:#x}, which the draft does not assign"
                            ),
                            Err(error) => assert!(
                                matches!(error, CodecError::InvalidField),
                                "{site} refused status {code:#x} with {error:?}, not InvalidField"
                            ),
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // ── The registry's payload column ───────────────────────

    /// Draft-19 Section 15.9, Table 16, "Payload" column: Normal "Yes", End of
    /// Group "No", End of Track "No".
    ///
    /// Restated here rather than read from [`ObjectStatus::payload_permission`]
    /// so the gate holds its own copy of the registry. A codec that changed a
    /// row would still agree with itself; only a second copy notices.
    const PAYLOAD_COLUMN: &[(ObjectStatus, bool)] = &[
        (ObjectStatus::Normal, true),
        (ObjectStatus::EndOfGroup, false),
        (ObjectStatus::EndOfTrack, false),
    ];

    /// Which statuses may carry a payload is decided by the registry, not by a
    /// payload length.
    ///
    /// Draft-18 said an Object with any status other than Normal has an empty
    /// payload, so the rule could be read off the status number — and this
    /// encoder read it off the length instead, which came to the same thing: a
    /// zero length was what put a status on the wire, and a status handed in
    /// alongside a payload was dropped on the floor. Draft-19 Section 11.2.1.1
    /// replaces the blanket rule with "an Object MUST have an empty payload
    /// unless its Object Status value is registered as permitting a payload",
    /// the permission being a column of the Object Status registry in
    /// Section 15.9. The three rows assigned today give the same answers
    /// draft-18's rule gave; what this gate observes is that the answers now
    /// come from the rows.
    ///
    /// Each row is driven both ways. A zero-length object with that status must
    /// encode and read back — Normal included, since it permits a payload
    /// without requiring one and so has to stay expressible with none. An
    /// object handed a payload under that status must be accepted exactly when
    /// the row permits one, and otherwise refused with nothing written.
    ///
    /// # What this catches, observed by making each change and running it
    ///
    /// Dropping the registry check from `write_object`, leaving the length to
    /// decide as it did before — an End of Group object with a payload is then
    /// written as a plain payload object and its status is gone:
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// write_object must refuse a payload under EndOfGroup, which the registry forbids one; got Ok(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Moving End of Group into the permitting column, as a status registered
    /// later with "Payload: Yes" would be:
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// assertion `left == right` failed: decoded EndOfGroup reports the wrong payload permission
    ///   left: true
    ///  right: false
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Letting the permission pick the framing as well as govern it — writing
    /// the status field for the statuses that forbid a payload instead of for
    /// the objects whose payload length is zero, which is the wrong reading of
    /// the registry and the one that costs the zero-length Normal object its
    /// encoding, since the draft frames the status on payload length alone:
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// read_object refused a zero-length Normal: VarInt(UnexpectedEnd)
    /// ```
    #[test]
    fn the_registry_decides_which_statuses_may_carry_a_payload() {
        let header = SubgroupHeader::decode(&mut &hex("100100800004deadbeef")[..]).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            PAYLOAD_COLUMN.len(),
            ObjectStatus::ALL.len(),
            "every assigned status needs a row in the payload column"
        );

        for &(status, permitted) in PAYLOAD_COLUMN {
            assert!(ObjectStatus::ALL.contains(&status), "{status:?} is not an assigned status");

            // A zero-length object is legal under every row, and is the only
            // framing that states a status on a subgroup stream.
            let mut empty = Vec::new();
            SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header)
                .write_object(&status_object(Some(status)), &mut empty)
                .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("write_object refused a zero-length {status:?}: {e:?}"));
            let object = SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header)
                .read_object(&mut &empty[..])
                .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("read_object refused a zero-length {status:?}: {e:?}"));
            assert_eq!(object.status(), status, "zero-length {status:?} lost its status");
            assert!(object.payload.is_empty(), "zero-length {status:?} gained a payload");
            assert_eq!(
                object.permits_payload(),
                permitted,
                "decoded {status:?} reports the wrong payload permission"
            );

            // A status datagram is the one carrier where the registry is not
            // the last word. Section 11.3.1 puts the status field in the
            // payload's place — "When set to 1, the Object Status field is
            // present and there is no Object Payload" — so no status makes
            // trailing bytes part of such a datagram, Normal included, and
            // `permitted` is not the expected answer here.
            let datagram = DatagramHeader::decode(&mut &status_datagram(status.as_u64())[..])
                .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("datagram decode refused {status:?}: {e:?}"));
            assert!(
                !datagram.permits_payload(),
                "a status datagram has no Object Payload field, so {status:?} permits no bytes"
            );
            assert_eq!(
                datagram.status().permits_payload(),
                permitted,
                "decoded {status:?} datagram reports the wrong registry row"
            );
            let mut whole = status_datagram(status.as_u64());
            whole.extend_from_slice(&hex("deadbeef"));
            let trailing = DatagramHeader::decode_object(&mut &whole[..]);
            assert!(
                matches!(trailing, Err(CodecError::PayloadNotPermitted { .. })),
                "trailing bytes on a {status:?} status datagram must be refused; got {trailing:?}"
            );

            // The same status, handed a payload the wire cannot frame beside it.
            let mut written = Vec::new();
            let result = SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header)
                .write_object(&payload_object(Some(status), hex("deadbeef")), &mut written);

            if permitted {
                result.unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                    panic!(
                        "write_object refused a payload under {status:?}, \
                         which the registry permits: {e:?}"
                    )
                });
                let object = SubgroupObjectReader::new(&header)
                    .read_object(&mut &written[..])
                    .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                        panic!("read_object refused its own output for {status:?}: {e:?}")
                    });
                assert_eq!(object.payload, hex("deadbeef"), "{status:?} lost its payload");
                assert_eq!(object.status(), status, "{status:?} came back as another status");
            } else {
                assert!(
                    matches!(result, Err(CodecError::PayloadNotPermitted { .. })),
                    "write_object must refuse a payload under {status:?}, \
                     which the registry forbids one; got {result:?}"
                );
                assert!(written.is_empty(), "a refused {status:?} object still wrote {written:?}");
            }
        }

        // A datagram without the STATUS bit is all payload, and the status its
        // framing leaves out is the one row that permits a payload.
        let plain = DatagramHeader::decode(&mut &[0x00u8, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80][..])
            .expect("a datagram with no status field must decode");
        assert_eq!(plain.status(), ObjectStatus::Normal);
        assert!(plain.permits_payload(), "a payload-carrying datagram must be permitted one");
    }
}